ACAA1 Antibody

What is ACAA1 and why is it an important target for antibody-based detection?

ACAA1 (Acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1) is an enzyme responsible for the thiolytic cleavage of straight chain 3-keto fatty acyl-CoAs (3-oxoacyl-CoAs). It plays a crucial role in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids, catalyzing the cleavage of short, medium, long, and very long straight chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs . The enzyme provides substrates to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, a critical step in cellular metabolism .

Detecting ACAA1 is particularly important in research focused on:

• Fatty acid metabolism disorders

• Cancer metabolism

• Peroxisomal function

• Lipid homeostasis

Due to its metabolic significance and altered expression in various disease states, particularly cancer, ACAA1 has become an important target for antibody-based detection in research applications .

For optimal results in immunohistochemistry (IHC) applications with ACAA1 antibodies, follow these methodological guidelines:

Sample Preparation:

• Use formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections

• For optimal antigen retrieval, use TE buffer at pH 9.0, or alternatively, citrate buffer at pH 6.0

Recommended Protocol:

• Deparaffinize and rehydrate tissue sections

• Perform antigen retrieval using TE buffer (pH 9.0)

• Block endogenous peroxidase activity (if using HRP-based detection)

• Apply diluted primary ACAA1 antibody (dilution ranges from 1:20 to 1:200, depending on the specific antibody)

• Incubate overnight at 4°C or 1-2 hours at room temperature

• Apply appropriate secondary antibody

• Develop signal and counterstain

Validated Tissues:
Positive staining has been observed in:

• Human thyroid cancer tissue

• Human lung tissue

• Human prostate cancer tissue

• Human liver cancer/normal tissue

For fluorescent IHC applications, a dilution of 1:600 for primary antibody with detection using anti-Rabbit-Cy3 secondary antibody at 1:200 has shown optimal results in human liver tissue .

What are the recommended protocols for Western blot applications with ACAA1 antibodies?

For Western blot applications, follow these evidence-based guidelines:

Sample Preparation:

• Tissue lysates or cell extracts prepared in appropriate lysis buffer

• Protein amount: 10-33 μg per lane is typically sufficient

Protocol:

• Separate proteins by SDS-PAGE

• Transfer to nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane

• Block with 5% BSA in TBST

• Dilute primary ACAA1 antibody according to manufacturer's recommendations:

  • For polyclonal antibodies: 1:500-1:2000 or 1.0 μg/ml

  • For monoclonal antibodies: Approximately 1 μg/mL

• Incubate overnight at 4°C or 1-2 hours at room temperature

• Wash with TBST

• Incubate with appropriate HRP-conjugated secondary antibody

• Develop using ECL detection system

• Expected band size: 41-44 kDa

Validated Samples:
Western blot positivity has been confirmed in:

• Human liver tissue

• HepG2 cells

• Rat liver tissue

• Mouse liver tissue

• Human fetal brain tissue

How should ACAA1 antibodies be stored to maintain optimal activity?

Proper storage of ACAA1 antibodies is critical for maintaining their specificity and sensitivity. Based on the manufacturer recommendations from the search results:

Storage Conditions:

• Temperature: Store at -20°C

• Format: Most ACAA1 antibodies are supplied in a liquid form containing preservatives and stabilizers

• Buffer: Typically PBS with 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol at pH 7.3

• Stability: Stable for one year after shipment when stored properly

Best Practices:

• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles by aliquoting upon receipt

• For antibodies stored in glycerol solutions, aliquoting may be unnecessary at -20°C

• When working with the antibody, keep it on ice

• Return to -20°C storage promptly after use

• Some formulations contain 0.1% BSA as a stabilizer

Note that storage recommendations may vary slightly between manufacturers, so always refer to the specific product data sheet for optimal storage conditions.

How can ACAA1 antibodies be used to investigate the relationship between metabolism and cancer?

ACAA1 antibodies serve as valuable tools for investigating the metabolic basis of cancer progression, as there is significant evidence linking ACAA1 expression to cancer outcomes:

Methodological Approaches:

Research Applications:

• Compare ACAA1 protein levels across tumor grades and stages

• Correlate ACAA1 expression with patient survival data

• Investigate connections between KRAS mutations and ACAA1 expression, as KRAS may regulate ACAA1 levels

• Study how ACAA1 expression relates to tumor mutation burden by examining correlations with DNA repair genes (BRCA1, ATM, ATR, CDK1, PMS2, MSH2, MDH6)

The down-regulation of ACAA1 in most cancer types suggests it may function as a tumor suppressor, potentially by altering nutrient configuration and influencing immune responses in the tumor microenvironment .

What is the relationship between ACAA1 expression and immune cell infiltration in cancer?

Research using ACAA1 antibodies has revealed significant correlations between ACAA1 expression and immune cell infiltration in cancer, particularly in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC):

Key Findings:

• CD4+ T Cell Infiltration:

  • ACAA1 expression positively correlates with CD4+ T cell infiltration in LUAD and LUSC (r=0.2, p=9.44e-06, and r=0.318, p=1.36e-12, respectively)

  • Tumors with KRAS mutations may recruit fewer CD4+ T cells by suppressing ACAA1 expression, creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment

• T Cell Subsets:

  • ACAA1 expression positively correlates with markers of:

    • Th1 cells (TBX2, STAT4, TNF-α)

    • Th2 cells (GATA3, STAT6, STAT5A)

    • Treg cells (FOXP3, CCR8, STAT5B, TGFB1)

• T Cell Exhaustion:

  • In LUSC, ACAA1 expression positively correlates with T cell exhaustion markers including PD-1(PDCD1), CTLA4, LAG3, HAVCR2, and GZMB

  • In LUAD, ACAA1 shows different correlation patterns with exhaustion markers

Methodological Applications:

• Use ACAA1 antibodies in combination with immune cell markers in multiplex immunofluorescence to study co-localization

• Combine ACAA1 IHC with CD4+ T cell staining to validate the correlation in patient samples

• Investigate mechanisms by which ACAA1 influences immune cell recruitment or function

• Study how metabolites produced by ACAA1-mediated fatty acid oxidation might affect T cell function

These findings suggest that ACAA1 may influence anti-tumor immunity by affecting T cell infiltration and function, representing a potential link between cancer metabolism and immune responses .

What methodological approaches can be used to study ACAA1's role in peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation?

To investigate ACAA1's role in peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, researchers can employ several complementary methodological approaches using ACAA1 antibodies:

Subcellular Localization Studies:

• Immunofluorescence Microscopy:

  • Use ACAA1 antibodies (recommended dilution 1:250-1:1000) to visualize peroxisomal localization

  • Co-stain with established peroxisomal markers to confirm subcellular localization

  • Validated in cell lines such as U-251 cells and HepG2 cells

• Subcellular Fractionation:

  • Isolate peroxisomal fractions through differential centrifugation

  • Use Western blotting with ACAA1 antibodies to confirm presence in peroxisomal fractions

  • Rat purified peroxisomes (33μg) have been successfully used with a 1:1000 antibody dilution

Functional Analysis:

• Enzymatic Activity Assays:

  • Immunoprecipitate ACAA1 using antibodies (validated for IP applications)

  • Measure thiolytic activity using 3-oxoacyl-CoA substrates of varying chain lengths

• Knockdown/Knockout Studies:

  • Create ACAA1 knockdown or knockout models

  • Use ACAA1 antibodies to confirm protein reduction

  • Measure changes in:

    • Fatty acid oxidation rate

    • Accumulation of β-oxidation intermediates

    • Effects on TCA cycle substrates

• Metabolic Flux Analysis:

  • Combine ACAA1 detection with metabolomics approaches

  • Trace the metabolism of labeled fatty acids in the presence or absence of ACAA1 inhibition

These methodological approaches can help elucidate ACAA1's specific role in peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and its impact on cellular metabolism, which has implications for understanding metabolic disorders and developing potential therapeutic targets.

How can researchers validate the specificity of ACAA1 antibodies to ensure reliable experimental results?

Validating antibody specificity is crucial for obtaining reliable experimental results. For ACAA1 antibodies, researchers should implement these validation strategies:

Comprehensive Validation Approach:

• Genetic Knockdown/Knockout Controls:

  • Use siRNA knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of ACAA1

  • Confirm reduction/absence of signal by Western blot and immunostaining

  • This verifies that the antibody specifically detects ACAA1 and not off-target proteins

• Recombinant Protein Controls:

  • Test antibody against purified recombinant ACAA1 protein

  • Include related family members (e.g., other thiolases) to confirm specificity

  • This is particularly important as ACAA1 has sequence similarities with other acyltransferases

• Multiple Antibody Validation:

  • Compare results using different ACAA1 antibodies targeting distinct epitopes

  • For example, compare results from antibodies targeting N-terminal regions (like peptide ADVVVVHGRRTAICRAGRGGFKDTTPDELLSAVMTAVLKDVNLRPEQLGD) with those targeting other regions (like GNSSQVSDGAAAILLARRSKAEELGLPILGVLRSYAVVGVPPDIMGIGPAYAIPVA)

• Immunoprecipitation-Mass Spectrometry:

  • Perform IP with the ACAA1 antibody followed by mass spectrometry

  • Confirm that ACAA1 is the predominant protein pulled down

  • Validated IP protocols using ab110289 have been reported

• Multi-application Concordance:

  • Verify consistent results across different applications (WB, IHC, IF)

  • Expected molecular weight in Western blot: 41-44 kDa

  • Characteristic cytoplasmic granular pattern in hepatocytes for IHC

• Orthogonal Validation:

  • Compare protein detection with mRNA expression data

  • Some antibodies have undergone enhanced validation through orthogonal RNAseq testing

By implementing these validation strategies, researchers can ensure their ACAA1 antibodies are detecting the intended target with high specificity, enhancing the reliability and reproducibility of their experimental results.

What are the considerations for using ACAA1 antibodies in studying metabolic disorders related to peroxisomal dysfunction?

When using ACAA1 antibodies to study metabolic disorders associated with peroxisomal dysfunction, researchers should consider several methodological and interpretative factors:

Methodological Considerations:

• Tissue-Specific Expression Patterns:

  • ACAA1 expression varies across tissues; highest in metabolically active organs like liver

  • Validated antibody performance in specific tissues:

    • Human liver shows strong cytoplasmic granular staining in hepatocytes

    • Other validated tissues include lung, thyroid, and prostate

• Sample Processing:

  • Peroxisomal proteins are sensitive to fixation conditions

  • For optimal results in FFPE tissues, use TE buffer (pH 9.0) for antigen retrieval

  • For fresh samples, minimize processing time to prevent peroxisomal degradation

• Distinguishing ACAA1 Isoforms:

  • Consider whether the antibody detects all ACAA1 isoforms

  • Human ACAA1 has a calculated molecular weight of 44 kDa (424 amino acids)

  • Observed molecular weight may be 41 kDa in some systems

Research Applications in Metabolic Disorders:

• Zellweger Spectrum Disorders:

  • Use ACAA1 antibodies to assess peroxisomal biogenesis

  • Compare ACAA1 localization in patient vs. control samples

  • Abnormal localization patterns may indicate defects in peroxisomal import machinery

• Single Enzyme Deficiencies:

  • In suspected ACAA1 deficiency, antibodies can verify protein absence/abnormality

  • Combine with functional assays to correlate protein levels with enzyme activity

• Secondary Peroxisomal Dysfunction:

  • Study ACAA1 expression changes in conditions like diabetes, obesity, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

  • Investigate whether ACAA1 dysregulation contributes to disease pathophysiology

• Therapeutic Development:

  • Use ACAA1 antibodies to monitor response to experimental therapies

  • Assess whether interventions restore normal peroxisomal function and ACAA1 expression/localization

By carefully considering these factors, researchers can effectively use ACAA1 antibodies to advance our understanding of peroxisomal disorders and potentially develop diagnostic tools or therapeutic approaches for these conditions.

What are common technical challenges when using ACAA1 antibodies and how can they be addressed?

When working with ACAA1 antibodies, researchers may encounter several technical challenges. Here are solutions based on published methodologies:

Challenge: Background Signal in Immunohistochemistry

Solutions:

• Optimize blocking conditions:

  • Use 5% BSA in PBS for more effective blocking

  • Consider adding 0.3% Triton X-100 for permeabilization in IF applications

• Adjust antibody concentration:

  • For IHC, start with a higher dilution (1:50-1:200) and optimize

• Modify antigen retrieval:

  • Use TE buffer (pH 9.0) as primary recommendation

  • If background persists, try citrate buffer (pH 6.0) as an alternative

• Include proper negative controls:

  • Use isotype control antibodies (e.g., rabbit IgG for polyclonal antibodies)

  • Omit primary antibody in one section as technical control

Challenge: Multiple Bands in Western Blot

Solutions:

• Optimize protein extraction:

  • Use extraction buffers containing protease inhibitors to prevent degradation

  • For peroxisomal proteins, consider specialized fractionation methods

• Adjust antibody dilution:

  • For WB, recommended dilutions range from 1:500-1:2000

  • Start with 1:1000 and adjust as needed

• Address potential isoforms or post-translational modifications:

  • ACAA1 may show slight variations from the predicted 44 kDa

  • The observed molecular weight is typically 41 kDa

• Validate specificity using knockdown controls

Challenge: Low Signal in Immunoprecipitation

Solutions:

• Increase antibody amount:

  • For IP applications, use 5 μg of antibody per sample

• Optimize lysis conditions:

  • Use non-denaturing buffers to preserve protein structure

• Modify protocol:

  • Elute proteins using SDS loading buffer with 10-minute incubation at 70°C

  • Analyze samples on SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting

Challenge: Poor Reproducibility Between Experiments

Solutions:

• Standardize protocols:

  • Maintain consistent antibody lot numbers when possible

  • Document detailed protocols including incubation times and temperatures

• Include positive controls:

  • Use validated tissue samples like human liver or HepG2 cells

• Consider storage issues:

  • Store antibodies at -20°C and avoid freeze-thaw cycles

  • For long-term storage, aliquot antibodies to minimize degradation

Implementing these technical solutions should address most common challenges encountered when working with ACAA1 antibodies.

How can researchers optimize immunofluorescence protocols for detecting ACAA1 in different cell types?

Optimizing immunofluorescence protocols for ACAA1 detection requires consideration of cell type-specific factors and careful attention to technical details:

Protocol Optimization by Cell Type:

• Hepatocytes (e.g., HepG2, L02 cells):

  • Fixation: 4% paraformaldehyde, 10 minutes at room temperature

  • Antibody dilution: 5 μg/mL

  • Expected pattern: Punctate cytoplasmic staining reflecting peroxisomal localization

  • Co-staining with peroxisomal membrane protein PEX14 can confirm localization

• Lung Epithelial Cells (e.g., A549 cells):

  • Validated for Western blot applications

  • For IF, start with 1:500 dilution of primary antibody

  • Specific fixation: 4% paraformaldehyde followed by methanol permeabilization

  • Extend primary antibody incubation to overnight at 4°C

• Neuronal Cells (e.g., U-251 cells):

  • Positive staining has been validated

  • Use 1:500 dilution of primary antibody

  • Counterstain with DAPI for nuclear visualization

  • Consider detergent permeabilization optimization: test 0.1-0.3% Triton X-100

• Primary Human Tissues:

  • For frozen sections: acetone fixation for 10 minutes

  • For FFPE sections: perform antigen retrieval with TE buffer pH 9.0

  • Antibody dilution range: 1:250-1:1000

  • Block with 5-10% normal serum from the species of secondary antibody

General Optimization Strategies:

• Signal Amplification Options:

  • Standard: Primary antibody + fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody

  • Enhanced: Biotin-streptavidin system for signal amplification

  • Tyramide signal amplification for weak signals

• Background Reduction:

  • Pre-absorb secondary antibodies with tissue powder

  • Include 0.1-0.3% Triton X-100 in blocking solution

  • Use Sudan Black (0.1-0.3%) to reduce autofluorescence, particularly in tissues with high lipid content

• Controls and Validation:

  • Positive control: Include HepG2 cells as a reference for ACAA1 staining pattern

  • Negative control: Use isotype control antibodies

  • Specificity control: Pre-incubation with blocking peptide or use ACAA1 knockdown cells

• Imaging Considerations:

  • Use confocal microscopy for better visualization of peroxisomal localization

  • Acquire z-stacks to capture the three-dimensional distribution of peroxisomes

  • Compare visualization with both wide-field and confocal approaches

By tailoring these optimization strategies to specific cell types and research questions, investigators can achieve reliable and reproducible ACAA1 detection in immunofluorescence applications.

How can ACAA1 antibodies be used to investigate the role of peroxisomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases?

Peroxisomal dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a contributor to neurodegenerative pathologies. ACAA1 antibodies offer valuable tools to investigate these connections:

Methodological Approaches:

• Comparative Expression Analysis:

  • Use ACAA1 antibodies to compare expression in:

    • Post-mortem brain tissues from patients with neurodegenerative diseases vs. controls

    • Animal models of neurodegeneration (e.g., Alzheimer's, Parkinson's)

    • Different brain regions to map vulnerability patterns

  • Western blot has been validated for human fetal brain tissue

• Cellular Distribution Studies:

  • Employ immunofluorescence to examine:

    • Peroxisomal distribution in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia

    • Changes in ACAA1 localization during disease progression

    • Co-localization with disease-specific markers (e.g., Aβ plaques, α-synuclein)

  • Recommended dilution: 1:250-1:1000 for IF/ICC applications

• Functional Correlation Analysis:

  • Combine ACAA1 detection with assessments of:

    • Peroxisomal β-oxidation activity

    • Very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) accumulation

    • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production

    • Neuronal survival and function

Research Applications in Specific Neurodegenerative Contexts:

• Alzheimer's Disease:

  • Investigate whether altered ACAA1 expression contributes to lipid dysregulation

  • Examine relationships between peroxisomal function and amyloid processing

  • Study potential connections between ACAA1 activity and neuroinflammation

• Parkinson's Disease:

  • Assess ACAA1 expression in dopaminergic neurons and its relationship to α-synuclein

  • Investigate whether peroxisomal dysfunction precedes or follows mitochondrial impairment

  • Evaluate potential neuroprotective effects of enhancing peroxisomal function

• X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy:

  • Use ACAA1 antibodies to study compensatory mechanisms in this peroxisomal disorder

  • Compare ACAA1 expression and localization in different ALD phenotypes

  • Investigate potential therapeutic approaches targeting peroxisomal β-oxidation

By applying these methodological approaches, researchers can gain insights into how peroxisomal dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative processes and potentially identify new therapeutic targets for these devastating conditions.

What insights can ACAA1 antibodies provide about the interaction between metabolism and immunity in cancer microenvironments?

ACAA1 antibodies can be powerful tools for investigating the complex interplay between metabolic pathways and immune responses in cancer microenvironments:

Research Approaches:

• Multiplex Tissue Imaging:

  • Combine ACAA1 antibodies with immune cell markers in multiplex immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

  • Map spatial relationships between ACAA1-expressing cells and immune infiltrates

  • Correlate ACAA1 expression patterns with immune cell density and distribution

  • Recommended antibody dilutions: 1:20-1:200 for IHC

• Correlation of ACAA1 with Immune Cell Populations:

  • Published data shows:

    • Positive correlation between ACAA1 expression and CD4+ T cell infiltration in lung cancer (LUAD: r=0.2, p=9.44e-06; LUSC: r=0.318, p=1.36e-12)

    • Relationship between ACAA1 and T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Treg cells)

    • Association with T cell exhaustion markers in lung squamous cell carcinoma

• Metabolic Profiling:

  • Use ACAA1 antibodies to identify cells with active fatty acid oxidation

  • Compare metabolic states of tumor cells and infiltrating immune cells

  • Investigate how ACAA1-mediated metabolism affects immune cell function

Key Research Questions Addressable with ACAA1 Antibodies:

• Metabolic Competition Hypothesis:

  • Does ACAA1 expression in tumor cells create metabolic competition with T cells?

  • Can blocking ACAA1 in tumor cells enhance T cell function by altering metabolite availability?

• Immunomodulatory Metabolites:

  • Do metabolites generated through ACAA1-mediated β-oxidation affect T cell activation or polarization?

  • Can these metabolites influence regulatory T cell development in the tumor microenvironment?

• Therapeutic Implications:

  • Would targeting ACAA1 enhance immunotherapy responses?

  • Can ACAA1 expression serve as a biomarker for immunotherapy responsiveness?

Experimental Design Considerations:

• Cell Type-Specific Analysis:

  • Use laser capture microdissection followed by Western blot or proteomics

  • Employ single-cell techniques to correlate ACAA1 expression with cell phenotypes

  • Consider both tumor cells and stromal populations as ACAA1 sources

• Functional Validation:

  • Manipulate ACAA1 expression in tumor models and assess effects on:

    • Immune cell infiltration

    • T cell subset distribution

    • Cytokine production

    • Response to immune checkpoint inhibitors

These approaches using ACAA1 antibodies can provide valuable insights into the metabolic regulation of anti-tumor immunity and potentially identify new targets for combined metabolic and immunotherapeutic interventions.

What emerging applications of ACAA1 antibodies might advance our understanding of metabolic reprogramming in disease?

ACAA1 antibodies are poised to contribute to several emerging research areas related to metabolic reprogramming in disease contexts:

Single-Cell Metabolic Profiling:

• Use ACAA1 antibodies in single-cell proteomic techniques

• Combine with other metabolic enzymes to create metabolic fingerprints of individual cells

• Correlate ACAA1 expression with cell states and fates in heterogeneous tissues

• Identify metabolically distinct subpopulations in complex diseases

Spatial Metabolomics Integration:

• Combine ACAA1 immunostaining with spatial metabolomics

• Map peroxisomal metabolism in tissue microenvironments

• Correlate ACAA1 distribution with metabolite gradients

• Investigate metabolic zones and their relationship to disease progression

Metabolic Crosstalk in Multicellular Systems:

• Investigate how ACAA1-mediated metabolism in one cell type affects neighboring cells

• Study metabolic symbiosis or competition between different cell populations

• Analyze how peroxisomal function in stromal cells influences parenchymal cell health

• Explore intercellular metabolite transfer and its disease relevance

Post-Translational Regulation of Metabolism:

• Use phospho-specific ACAA1 antibodies to study activity regulation

• Investigate how post-translational modifications affect enzyme activity

• Explore dynamic regulation of peroxisomal metabolism in response to stress

• Map signaling pathways that modulate ACAA1 function

Therapeutic Target Validation:

• Use ACAA1 antibodies to validate target engagement of experimental drugs

• Monitor peroxisomal adaptation to metabolic interventions

• Investigate combination approaches targeting multiple metabolic pathways

• Develop companion diagnostics for metabolism-targeted therapies

These emerging applications could significantly advance our understanding of how metabolic reprogramming contributes to disease pathogenesis and potentially identify new therapeutic approaches targeting peroxisomal metabolism.

How might next-generation antibody technologies enhance ACAA1 detection and functional studies?

Next-generation antibody technologies offer exciting opportunities to advance ACAA1 research beyond current capabilities:

Engineered Recombinant Antibodies:

• Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against ACAA1 for improved tissue penetration

• Bispecific antibodies targeting ACAA1 and other peroxisomal proteins for co-localization studies

• Humanized ACAA1 antibodies for potential therapeutic applications

• Site-specific conjugation for precise labeling without compromising binding affinity

Intracellular Antibody Technologies:

• Cell-permeable ACAA1 nanobodies for live-cell imaging

• Intrabodies targeting ACAA1 for functional modulation in living cells

• Antibody-based protein knockdown strategies (e.g., TRIM-Away) for acute ACAA1 depletion

• Optogenetic antibody systems for spatiotemporal control of ACAA1 detection

Advanced Imaging Applications:

• Super-resolution microscopy with ACAA1 antibodies to visualize peroxisomal subdomains

• Live-cell ACAA1 tracking using split fluorescent protein complementation systems

• FRET-based biosensors incorporating ACAA1 antibody fragments to monitor enzyme-substrate interactions

• Expansion microscopy protocols optimized for peroxisomal proteins

Antibody-Based Proximity Labeling:

• ACAA1 antibody-TurboID fusions for mapping the peroxisomal interactome

• Spatially-resolved proteomic analysis of ACAA1-containing complexes

• Enzyme-antibody conjugates for targeted metabolite analysis in ACAA1-rich regions

• In situ detection of ACAA1-interacting proteins in specific disease contexts

Multimodal Single-Cell Analysis:

• ACAA1 antibodies compatible with CITE-seq for combined transcriptome and protein analysis

• Imaging mass cytometry with ACAA1 detection for high-dimensional tissue analysis

• Spatial transcriptomics integrated with ACAA1 immunostaining

• Multi-omic approaches correlating ACAA1 protein levels with lipidome and metabolome profiles

These next-generation technologies have the potential to transform our understanding of ACAA1 biology by providing more specific, sensitive, and functionally relevant detection methods. They will enable researchers to address previously intractable questions about peroxisomal metabolism in complex biological systems and disease states.