ACD6 Antibody
Description
Definition and Biological Role of ACD6
ACD6 is a multipass transmembrane protein with an ankyrin-repeat domain, acting as a positive regulator of plant defenses . It modulates:
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Immune responses: Enhances pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) .
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Salicylic acid (SA) signaling: Forms a feedback loop with SA to amplify defense responses, including cell death and pathogen resistance .
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Calcium signaling: Structurally resembles ion channels and interacts with calcium transporters, influencing PTI and ETI outcomes .
Research Applications of ACD6 Antibody
The ACD6 antibody enables researchers to:
Table 2: ACD6 in Disease Resistance and Autoimmunity
Therapeutic and Agricultural Implications
Product Specs
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Target Background
- NLR gene can mask the activity of an ACD6 autoimmune allele in natural A. thaliana populations, thereby linking different arms of the plant immune system. PMID: 30235212
- Data indicate protein kinases FLS2 and BAK1 contribute to autoimmune signaling in ACCELERATED CELL DEATH6 (ACD6) L591F amino acid substitution. PMID: 25315322
- Salicylic acid signaling controls the maturation and localization of the arabidopsis defense protein ACCELERATED CELL DEATH6 PMID: 24923602
- Here we show instead that hybrid necrosis can be triggered by interactions between variants of a single gene, ACD6 (ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6). PMID: 25010663
- The effects of mutation on the structure and function of ACD6 in response to salicylic acid and disease resistance are reported. PMID: 16297071
Q&A
Basic Research Questions
What is the functional role of ACD6 in plant immune responses?
ACD6 (ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6) is a transmembrane protein critical for immune regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The gain-of-function mutant acd6-1 exhibits constitutive activation of defense pathways, including elevated salicylic acid (SA) and camalexin levels, spontaneous cell death, and enhanced resistance to pathogens like Pseudomonas syringae . Methodological approaches to study ACD6 include:
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Genetic analysis: Cross acd6-1 with defense pathway mutants (e.g., sid2, npr1) to dissect SA-dependent and SA-independent signaling .
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Phenotypic assays: Quantify cell death lesions, pathogen resistance, and metabolite levels (SA, camalexin) using HPLC or LC-MS .
How can ACD6 antibodies be validated for specificity in plant tissues?
Validation requires:
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Western blotting: Compare protein extracts from wild-type and acd6-1 mutants to confirm antibody specificity for the ~50 kDa ACD6 protein .
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Immunofluorescence: Localize ACD6 to the plasma membrane using confocal microscopy in transgenic lines expressing fluorescently tagged ACD6 .
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Knockout controls: Use CRISPR-generated acd6 null mutants to verify antibody signal absence .
What experimental models are suitable for studying ACD6-mediated immune responses?
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Mutant lines: acd6-1 (gain-of-function) and acd6 knockouts .
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Pathogen assays: Infect plants with Pseudomonas syringae and quantify bacterial titers or hypersensitive response (HR) lesions .
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Epistatic analysis: Introduce acd6-1 into backgrounds with disrupted SA (sid2), jasmonic acid (coi1), or ethylene (ein2) pathways to map signaling hierarchies .
Advanced Research Questions
How do allelic interactions at the ACD6 locus influence immune activation?
Natural ACD6 alleles exhibit functional variation that modulates immune responses. For example:
| Allele Type | Origin | Phenotypic Impact | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type I | Pseudogene resurrection | Strong cell death, high SA | Low (global) |
| Type II | Functional variants | Moderate defense activation | High (NE Spain) |
Hybrids carrying divergent alleles (e.g., Type I × Type II) display autoimmune phenotypes due to epistatic interactions, suggesting ACD6 fine-tunes pathogen defenses in natural populations .
How can ACD6 antibodies resolve contradictions in SA-dependent vs. SA-independent defense outputs?
Conflicting reports on SA’s role in acd6-1 phenotypes can be addressed via:
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Pharmacological inhibition: Apply SA biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g., L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid) to uncouple SA from camalexin accumulation .
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Cell-type-specific profiling: Use flow cytometry with ACD6 antibodies and SA biosensors (e.g., PR1::GUS) to map SA signaling dynamics in distinct tissues .
What computational tools optimize ACD6 antibody panel design for flow cytometry?
When designing multiparameter panels:
How do ACD6 antibody-based assays inform evolutionary studies of plant-pathogen interactions?
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Population genetics: Screen wild Arabidopsis accessions for ACD6 allelic diversity and correlate with pathogen resistance .
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Structural modeling: Predict ACD6 extracellular domain epitopes to study allele-specific antibody binding and pathogen evasion mechanisms .
Methodological Best Practices
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Antibody validation: Always include acd6 knockout controls and titrate antibodies to avoid non-specific binding .
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Data normalization: Use housekeeping proteins (e.g., actin) for Western blot quantification and include biological replicates for phenotypic assays .
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Ethical considerations: Adhere to Nagoya Protocol guidelines when using plant genetic resources from diverse geographic populations .
