Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody

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Product Specs

Buffer
**Preservative:** 0.03% Proclin 300
**Constituents:** 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Form
Liquid
Lead Time
Typically, we can ship your orders within 1-3 business days of receipt. Delivery times may vary depending on the method of purchase and your location. Please consult your local distributors for specific delivery information.
Synonyms
HIST1H2BB antibody; H2BFFHistone H2B type 1-B antibody; Histone H2B.1 antibody; Histone H2B.f antibody; H2B/f antibody
Target Names
HIST1H2BB
Uniprot No.

Target Background

Function
Histone H2B is a core component of the nucleosome. Nucleosomes are responsible for wrapping and compacting DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to cellular machinery that requires DNA as a template. Thus, histones play a crucial role in regulating transcription, DNA repair, DNA replication, and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is controlled through a complex network of post-translational modifications of histones, known as the histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene References Into Functions
  1. Functional interactions between histone H2B ubiquitylation and H2A modifications and variants have been discovered. PMID: 29643390
  2. RNF20 and H2Bub1 contribute to chronic colonic inflammation and inflammation-associated colorectal cancer in mice and humans, partly by enhancing NF-kappaB activity and diminishing the antitumoral T cell response. PMID: 26854224
  3. RNF20-mediated H2B ubiquitination at DNA double-strand breaks plays a critical role in homologous recombination repair through chromatin remodeling. PMID: 21362548
Database Links

HGNC: 4751

OMIM: 602803

KEGG: hsa:3018

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000350580

UniGene: Hs.553494

Protein Families
Histone H2B family
Subcellular Location
Nucleus. Chromosome.

Q&A

What is Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody and what biological processes does it help investigate?

Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody specifically recognizes the acetylation of lysine 16 on histone H2B type 1-B, a core component of nucleosomes. This post-translational modification plays a crucial role in chromatin regulation and accessibility. The antibody enables investigation of epigenetic mechanisms involved in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication, and chromosomal stability . As an acetylation marker, it helps researchers study how histone modifications contribute to the "histone code" that regulates gene expression patterns and chromatin conformation. Unlike general histone antibodies, this targets a specific acetylation site that has been implicated in active transcription regions.

Methodologically, researchers should consider that acetylation at K16 may vary across cell types and physiological conditions, requiring appropriate positive and negative controls for experimental validation. The antibody has been optimized for detection in human samples and must be validated when studying other species.

How do the different formats of Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody affect experimental design and outcomes?

The Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody is available in different formats that directly impact experimental design considerations:

FormatHostClonalityRecommended ApplicationsSpecial Considerations
PolyclonalRabbitIgGELISA, WB, IHC, IF Higher sensitivity, potentially more background
Recombinant MonoclonalRabbitIgGWB, PepArr, ICC/IF, ChIP-seq, IHC-P Higher specificity, less batch-to-batch variation

When designing experiments, researchers should select the appropriate format based on their specific needs. Polyclonal antibodies generally offer broader epitope recognition, potentially increasing sensitivity but with higher risk of non-specific binding. Monoclonal antibodies provide more consistent results across experiments and are particularly valuable for quantitative analyses and ChIP-seq applications where specificity is paramount .

The selection should be guided by the biological question, detection method, and sample type, with careful consideration of control experiments to validate specificity in your particular experimental system.

What is the recommended protocol for optimizing Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody dilutions in various applications?

Optimal dilution protocols for Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody vary significantly across applications and require systematic optimization. Based on manufacturer recommendations:

ApplicationStarting Dilution RangeOptimization Strategy
Western Blot1:1000-1:5000Serial dilutions, testing protein loads of 10-30 μg
Immunofluorescence1:50-1:200 Begin with 1:100, adjust based on signal-to-noise ratio
Immunohistochemistry1:100-1:500Titration with antigen retrieval optimization
ELISA1:500-1:5000Standard curve with known positive samples
ChIP1:50-1:1002-5 μg per IP reaction, optimize chromatin shearing
ICC1:20-1:200 Start conservative, adjust based on cell type

The optimization process should include both positive controls (cells/tissues known to express acetylated H2B K16) and negative controls (samples treated with HDAC activators to reduce acetylation levels or peptide competition assays). Additionally, researchers should conduct preliminary experiments with a dilution series to determine the optimal concentration that maximizes specific signal while minimizing background.

For reproducibility, maintain consistent antibody lots when possible and standardize sample preparation, incubation times, and detection methods across experiments.

How should researchers design ChIP experiments using Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody to study gene-specific regulation?

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments with Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody require careful design to yield interpretable results about gene-specific regulation:

  • Chromatin Preparation Protocol:

    • Crosslink cells with 1% formaldehyde for precisely 10 minutes at room temperature

    • Optimize sonication to achieve fragments of 200-500 bp (verify by agarose gel)

    • Use 25-30 cycles of 30 seconds on/30 seconds off for sonication

    • Reserve 5-10% of chromatin as input control

  • Immunoprecipitation Strategy:

    • Use 2-5 μg antibody per IP reaction for polyclonal antibodies

    • Pre-clear chromatin with protein A/G beads to reduce background

    • Include IgG isotype control to assess non-specific binding

    • Include a positive control antibody targeting abundant marks (e.g., H3K4me3)

  • Target Selection Considerations:

    • Focus on regions with known transcriptional activity

    • Include both promoter regions and gene bodies in primer design

    • Target genes regulated by known acetylation-dependent transcription factors

    • Design primers for qPCR with amplicons <150 bp

  • Data Analysis Approach:

    • Normalize to input DNA and IgG control

    • Calculate percent input or fold enrichment over control regions

    • Compare enrichment patterns across different genomic features

    • Consider integrated analysis with RNA-seq data to correlate with expression

ChIP-seq applications require additional considerations including higher antibody specificity validation (peptide competition assays), more stringent washing conditions, and appropriate sequencing depth (minimum 20 million uniquely mapped reads). Analysis should incorporate peak calling algorithms optimized for histone modifications rather than transcription factors.

What quality control measures should be implemented when using Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody in immunofluorescence studies?

Implementing rigorous quality control measures for immunofluorescence applications with Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody is essential for generating reliable data:

  • Antibody Validation Controls:

    • Peptide competition assay: Pre-incubate antibody with acetylated and non-acetylated peptides

    • HDAC inhibitor treatment: Compare cells treated with and without HDAC inhibitors (e.g., TSA)

    • Genetic controls: Use cells with H2B K16R mutation that prevents acetylation

    • Secondary antibody-only control: Omit primary antibody to assess non-specific binding

  • Technical Controls:

    • Multiple fixation methods comparison (4% PFA vs. methanol)

    • Permeabilization optimization (0.1-0.5% Triton X-100)

    • Blocking protocol testing (BSA vs. serum vs. commercial blockers)

    • Signal intensity standardization using reference samples across experiments

  • Image Acquisition Protocol:

    • Capture images at identical exposure settings across all samples

    • Include nuclear counterstain (DAPI) for co-localization assessment

    • Perform z-stack imaging to ensure complete nuclear signal capture

    • Use confocal microscopy for precise nuclear localization studies

  • Quantification Strategies:

    • Measure nuclear signal intensity relative to background

    • Quantify percentage of positive cells using appropriate thresholding

    • Assess co-localization with other epigenetic marks if performing multiplex imaging

    • Analyze distribution patterns (e.g., euchromatin vs. heterochromatin localization)

For dilution optimization, start with the manufacturer's recommended range (1:50-1:200) and test multiple concentrations, selecting the dilution that provides optimal signal-to-noise ratio. Document all parameters meticulously in laboratory records to ensure reproducibility across experiments.

How can researchers effectively use Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody to study dynamic changes in histone acetylation during cellular processes?

Studying dynamic changes in H2B K16 acetylation requires time-resolved experimental approaches:

  • Time Course Experimental Design:

    • Establish baseline acetylation levels in quiescent/synchronized cells

    • Select appropriate time points based on the cellular process (e.g., 0, 15, 30, 60 min, 2, 4, 8, 24h)

    • Include both early (minutes) and late (hours) time points for comprehensive dynamics

    • Maintain parallel samples for RNA isolation to correlate with transcriptional changes

  • Stimulation Protocols:

    • Growth factor stimulation: Serum-starve cells (12-24h) before treatment

    • Drug treatments: HDAC inhibitors (e.g., TSA, SAHA) or HAT activators

    • Differentiation induction: Use standard protocols for your cell type

    • Stress response: UV irradiation, oxidative stress, or nutrient deprivation

  • Detection Methods Comparison:

    MethodTemporal ResolutionSpatial InformationThroughputSensitivity
    Western BlotLow-MediumNoneMediumMedium
    ChIP-qPCRMediumGene-specificLowHigh
    ChIP-seqLowGenome-wideLowHigh
    ImmunofluorescenceMediumSubcellularHighMedium
    ELISAHighNoneHighHigh
  • Data Interpretation Framework:

    • Normalize acetylation levels to total H2B to account for histone level changes

    • Compare kinetics with other histone modifications to establish temporal relationships

    • Correlate with enzymatic activities of relevant HATs and HDACs

    • Use mathematical modeling for complex dynamics (e.g., pulse-chase experiments)

For cell cycle studies, combine with EdU or BrdU labeling to distinguish G1, S, and G2/M phases. For transcriptional studies, consider using RNA polymerase II phosphorylation state antibodies in parallel to correlate acetylation with transcriptional activity at specific loci.

How does Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) compare with other histone acetylation marks in functional genomics studies?

Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) exhibits distinct genomic distribution and functional associations compared to other histone acetylation marks:

Histone Acetylation MarkGenomic DistributionFunctional AssociationProtein InteractionsTemporal Dynamics
H2B K16ac (HIST1H2BB)Gene bodies, enhancersTranscriptional elongation, DNA repair CBP/p300, PCAFRapid turnover (t1/2 ~1-2h)
H3K27acEnhancers, promotersActive enhancers, promotersCBP/p300, BRD4Moderate stability (t1/2 ~2-4h)
H4K16acPromoters, active genesChromatin decompaction, DNA repairMOF, KANSL complexRelatively stable (t1/2 ~4-6h)
H3K9acPromotersTranscription initiationGCN5, PCAFRapid turnover (t1/2 ~1-2h)

In functional genomics studies, H2B K16ac has been observed to correlate more strongly with transcriptional elongation than initiation, distinguishing it from promoter-enriched marks like H3K9ac. ChIP-seq studies reveal that H2B K16ac distribution patterns change dramatically during cellular differentiation and stress responses, often preceding changes in gene expression.

For comprehensive epigenomic profiling, researchers should consider:

  • Conducting sequential ChIP experiments (re-ChIP) to identify genomic regions with co-occurrence of H2B K16ac and other marks

  • Performing integrated analysis with RNA Polymerase II occupancy data

  • Examining the relationship between H2B K16ac and chromatin accessibility using ATAC-seq

  • Investigating co-localization with transcriptional elongation factors rather than initiation factors

The antibody's specificity for the K16 position is critical, as acetylation at different lysine residues on H2B may have distinct functional implications .

What are the methodological considerations for using Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody in studies of epigenetic dysregulation in disease models?

When investigating epigenetic dysregulation in disease models using Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody, researchers should address several methodological challenges:

  • Sample Preparation Challenges:

    • Clinical samples: Use PAXgene or immediate flash-freezing to preserve acetylation status

    • FFPE tissues: Optimize antigen retrieval (citrate buffer pH 6.0, 20 min)

    • Primary cells: Process immediately after isolation to prevent acetylation changes

    • Matched controls: Use demographically matched controls for human studies

  • Disease-Specific Considerations:

    Disease CategorySpecial ConsiderationsRecommended Approaches
    CancerHeterogeneous cell populationsLaser capture microdissection, single-cell methods
    Neurological disordersLimited tissue availabilityConsider CSF-derived cells, iPSC models
    Inflammatory diseasesMedication effects on acetylationDocument treatment history, include drug-matched controls
    Metabolic disordersNutrient effects on acetylationControl for metabolic parameters, fasting status
  • Analytical Approaches:

    • Use multivariate analysis to account for confounding factors (age, sex, medication)

    • Apply multiple testing correction for genome-wide studies

    • Consider cell-type deconvolution algorithms for mixed cell populations

    • Implement machine learning approaches for pattern recognition in complex datasets

  • Validation Strategies:

    • Cross-validate findings using orthogonal techniques (e.g., mass spectrometry)

    • Perform functional studies in relevant cell models (siRNA, CRISPR-Cas9)

    • Test causal relationships using pharmacological modulators of acetylation

    • Validate in independent cohorts or alternate disease models

To establish disease relevance, correlate acetylation changes with clinical parameters, disease progression, or treatment response. For mechanistic insights, integrate with transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic datasets to construct network models of epigenetic dysregulation .

How can mass spectrometry be integrated with Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody-based approaches for comprehensive acetylation profiling?

Integration of mass spectrometry (MS) with antibody-based approaches provides complementary strengths for comprehensive acetylation profiling:

  • Complementary Workflow Design:

    • Initial screening: Use antibody-based methods (ChIP-seq, Western blot) for targeted analysis

    • Verification: Apply MS to confirm specificity and identify additional modifications

    • Quantification: Combine immunoprecipitation with MS for site-specific quantification

    • Discovery: Use MS for unbiased identification of novel acetylation sites

  • Sample Preparation Integration:

    StageAntibody-Based ApproachMS-Based ApproachIntegration Point
    ExtractionCrosslinked chromatinAcid-extracted histonesSplit samples from common source
    EnrichmentChIP with Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16)Titanium dioxide or IMACIP followed by MS analysis
    FractionationSize separationHPLC fractionationSequential application
    DetectionFluorescence/chemiluminescenceMS/MS fragmentationCorrelate signals between methods
  • Technical Validation Strategies:

    • Use synthetic peptides with defined acetylation status as standards

    • Compare antibody specificity using peptide arrays and MS validation

    • Perform immunoprecipitation followed by MS to verify antibody specificity

    • Use SILAC or TMT labeling for quantitative comparison across methods

  • Data Integration Framework:

    • Correlate ChIP-seq peak intensities with MS-quantified acetylation levels

    • Identify discrepancies to detect potential antibody cross-reactivity

    • Create integrated acetylation maps combining positional information from ChIP with stoichiometry from MS

    • Develop computational pipelines that leverage strengths of both approaches

For advanced applications, consider stable isotope labeling (SILAC, TMT) for quantitative MS analysis and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) for targeted MS quantification of specific sites. Integrate these approaches with antibody-based chromatin immunoprecipitation to correlate acetylation levels with genomic localization data .

What are the common pitfalls when using Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody and how can they be mitigated?

Researchers frequently encounter several challenges when working with Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody that can be systematically addressed:

Common IssuePotential CausesMitigation Strategies
High background signalNon-specific binding, insufficient blockingIncrease blocking time (1-2h), use 5% BSA instead of milk, add 0.1% Tween-20 to wash buffers
Weak or no signalEpitope masking, low acetylation levelsPre-treat samples with HDAC inhibitors, optimize antigen retrieval (citrate buffer pH 6.0), increase antibody concentration
Variable results between experimentsAcetylation dynamics, antibody lot variationStandardize cell culture conditions, maintain consistent fixation times, use same lot for critical experiments
Cross-reactivitySimilar epitopes on other histonesPerform peptide competition assays, validate with MS, use monoclonal alternatives when available
Poor IP efficiency in ChIPInadequate chromatin fragmentationOptimize sonication conditions, ensure fragments are 200-500bp, pre-clear chromatin thoroughly

To enhance reproducibility, implement these procedural controls:

  • Maintain consistent cell density and passage number across experiments

  • Standardize sample preparation timing to minimize acetylation changes

  • Include both positive controls (TSA-treated cells) and negative controls (deacetylated samples)

  • Document lot numbers and dilutions used for each experiment

For Western blot applications specifically, transfer efficiency can significantly impact results. Use stain-free gels or Ponceau staining to verify transfer and include total H2B detection on the same membrane after stripping to normalize acetylation signals .

How should researchers interpret conflicting results between different applications using Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody?

When faced with conflicting results across different applications using Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody, implement this systematic interpretation framework:

  • Technical vs. Biological Discrepancies Assessment:

    • Technical: Different detection sensitivities between methods

    • Biological: Cell-type specific or context-dependent acetylation patterns

    • Procedural: Sample preparation differences affecting epitope accessibility

  • Application-Specific Considerations:

    Application ComparisonCommon DiscrepanciesResolution Approach
    WB vs. IFSignal in IF but not WBOptimize extraction to preserve nuclear proteins, check cross-reactivity
    ChIP-seq vs. WBEnrichment in ChIP but weak WB signalConsider locus-specific vs. global abundance differences
    IF vs. IHCDifferent localization patternsCompare fixation methods, validate with alternative antibodies
    ELISA vs. MSQuantitative disagreementCalibrate with standard peptides, check for interfering modifications
  • Resolution Strategy Hierarchy:

    • Validate with orthogonal methods (e.g., MS validation of WB results)

    • Test multiple antibody clones targeting the same modification

    • Perform genetic validation (CRISPR-engineered K16R mutation)

    • Use pharmacological manipulation (HDAC inhibitors/activators) to verify specificity

    • Consult literature for known context-dependent effects on this modification

  • Integrated Data Interpretation Framework:

    • Consider each method's limitations and strengths

    • Weigh results by technical robustness of each assay

    • Examine whether discrepancies reveal novel biological insights

    • Document all experimental conditions comprehensively to identify variables

When reporting conflicting results, transparently describe all methods used, acknowledge limitations, and propose biological explanations for observed differences. Sometimes discrepancies reveal important biological phenomena rather than technical failures .

What are the optimal storage and handling conditions for maintaining Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody functionality over time?

Proper storage and handling of Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody is critical for maintaining sensitivity and specificity:

  • Long-term Storage Conditions:

    • Store concentrated stock at -20°C or -80°C as recommended by manufacturers

    • Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles (limit to <5 cycles)

    • Aliquot upon receipt into single-use volumes (typically 10-20 μL)

    • Store in glycerol-containing buffer (typically 50% glycerol) to prevent freeze damage

  • Working Solution Preparation:

    ApplicationDiluent CompositionStorage DurationTemperature
    Western Blot5% BSA in TBST1-2 weeks4°C
    IHC/IF1% BSA, 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS24-48 hours4°C
    ELISA1% BSA in PBS24 hours4°C
    ChIP0.5% BSA in PBSPrepare freshN/A
  • Stability Assessment Protocol:

    • Conduct regular validation using positive control samples

    • Monitor signal intensity and background over time

    • Compare performance against reference standards

    • Maintain a quality control record with batch/lot testing results

  • Functional Recovery Methods:

    • If reduced activity is observed, centrifuge antibody briefly before use (10,000g, 5 min)

    • For precipitated antibody, allow to warm to room temperature and gently resuspend

    • Add carrier protein (0.1-1% BSA) to diluted antibody to prevent adsorption to tubes

    • Filter through 0.22 μm membrane if visible particles are present

Preservatives such as 0.03% Proclin 300 are typically included in commercial formulations to prevent microbial growth during storage . For critical experiments, validate each new lot against previous lots using identical samples and protocols to ensure consistency.

How do polyclonal and monoclonal Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) antibodies compare in research applications?

Choosing between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies targeting Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) requires understanding their comparative advantages:

ParameterPolyclonal Antibodies Monoclonal Antibodies Application Implications
Epitope RecognitionMultiple epitopes surrounding K16acSingle defined epitopePolyclonals may detect partially denatured protein better in WB
Batch-to-Batch ConsistencyModerate to lowHighMonoclonals preferred for longitudinal studies
Signal IntensityGenerally higherMay be lowerPolyclonals may require less optimization for detection
BackgroundPotentially higherGenerally lowerMonoclonals preferred for imaging applications
Cross-Reactivity RiskHigherLowerMonoclonals essential for closely related modifications
Production ScalabilityLimited by animal immunizationUnlimited with hybridomasConsistent supply important for long-term projects
CostUsually lowerTypically higherBudget considerations for large-scale studies

For specific applications:

  • ChIP-seq: Monoclonal antibodies generally provide more consistent peak patterns across experiments and are preferred for genome-wide studies requiring high specificity

  • Western Blot: Both types perform well, with polyclonals often providing stronger signals

  • Immunofluorescence: Monoclonals typically offer cleaner nuclear staining with less cytoplasmic background

  • Quantitative Applications: Monoclonals provide more reliable quantification across experiments

Selection strategy should include validation experiments comparing both antibody types on your specific samples and experimental conditions. For critical discoveries, confirming results with both antibody types provides stronger evidence for the biological phenomenon.

What criteria should researchers use when selecting between different commercial sources of Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody?

Selecting the optimal Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody from various commercial sources requires systematic evaluation of several critical parameters:

  • Validation Data Assessment:

    • Comprehensiveness of validation: Number of applications and cell types tested

    • Quality of supporting images: Clear demonstration of specificity and sensitivity

    • Negative controls: Peptide competition, K16R mutants, technical controls

    • Publication record: Citations in peer-reviewed literature for similar applications

  • Technical Specifications Comparison:

    ParameterWhat to Look ForImportance by Application
    Immunogen designExact sequence context around K16Critical for all applications
    Host speciesCompatibility with other antibodies for multiplex assaysImportant for co-localization studies
    Purification methodAffinity-purified vs. whole antiserumHigher purity needed for ChIP-seq
    FormulationPreservative composition, carrier protein presenceAffects long-term stability and dilution protocols
    Lot-to-lot consistency controlsQC documentation, reference standard testingCritical for quantitative applications
  • Supplier-Related Considerations:

    • Technical support quality: Availability of application scientists

    • Custom validation options: Willingness to test on your specific samples

    • Replacement policies: Guarantees if antibody fails to perform

    • Shipping and handling: Temperature control during transit

  • Application-Specific Selection Matrix:

    ApplicationPrimary Selection CriteriaSecondary Considerations
    ChIP/ChIP-seqValidation in ChIP, low backgroundCompatible buffers, proven in similar cell types
    Western BlotClean bands at expected MW, sensitivityCompatible with your detection system
    IHC/IFNuclear localization, background levelWorks with your fixation method
    Flow CytometryTested specifically for flow applicationsCompatible with other surface markers

When possible, obtain samples from multiple vendors for side-by-side testing in your specific application before committing to large-scale purchases. Consider the comprehensive data provided by vendors like Abcam alongside peer-reviewed literature citations when making selections.

How can researchers effectively validate the specificity of Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody for their particular experimental system?

Robust validation of Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody specificity in your specific experimental system is essential for generating reliable data:

  • Peptide Competition Assay Protocol:

    • Pre-incubate antibody with 5-10 μg/mL of acetylated K16 peptide for 2h at room temperature

    • In parallel, pre-incubate with unmodified peptide and irrelevant acetylated peptide

    • Compare signal reduction across all conditions

    • Expected result: Specific signal reduction only with acetylated K16 peptide

  • Pharmacological Validation Approach:

    • Treat cells with HDAC inhibitors (1-5 μM TSA for 4-6h) to increase acetylation

    • Treat parallel samples with HAT inhibitors to decrease acetylation

    • Compare signal intensity changes by Western blot and immunofluorescence

    • Expected result: Signal increase with HDAC inhibitors, decrease with HAT inhibitors

  • Genetic Validation Methods:

    MethodApproachExpected ResultLimitations
    K16R mutant expressionExpress H2B with K16R mutationSignal absence at mutantMay not replace all endogenous protein
    CRISPR-Cas9 K16R knock-inGenerate cell line with K16R mutationComplete loss of signalResource-intensive
    HAT/HDAC knockdownsiRNA against relevant enzymesPredictable signal changesIndirect validation
    Orthogonal detectionMass spectrometry confirmationCorrelation between methodsRequires specialized equipment
  • Application-Specific Validation:

    • For ChIP: Include IgG control, unmodified H2B ChIP, and known positive/negative genomic regions

    • For IF: Compare nuclear localization pattern with published data, test multiple fixation methods

    • For WB: Include recombinant H2B with/without K16ac as standards, compare molecular weight

    • For all methods: Include multiple cell types with known differences in K16 acetylation levels

Document validation results thoroughly with quantitative measurements where possible. For critical research projects, consider using multiple antibodies from different sources or clones targeting the same modification to cross-validate findings .

How is Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) being utilized in single-cell epigenomic studies?

The application of Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody in single-cell epigenomic research represents an emerging frontier with specific methodological considerations:

  • Current Single-Cell Methodologies:

    • scCUT&Tag: Enables profiling of H2B K16ac at single-cell resolution, revealing cell type-specific patterns

    • scChIC-seq: Combines chromatin immunocleavage with single-cell sequencing for high sensitivity

    • scCUT&RUN: Provides higher resolution for H2B K16ac distribution with lower background

    • Single-cell IF: Allows quantification of total nuclear H2B K16ac levels across heterogeneous populations

  • Technical Adaptations Required:

    ChallengeStandard ProtocolSingle-Cell Adaptation
    Limited materialUses millions of cellsHighly sensitive detection methods, signal amplification
    Cell-to-cell variabilityPopulation averagesComputational methods to distinguish technical vs. biological variation
    Antibody specificitySecondary validationMore stringent validation, spike-in controls
    Data integrationSingle data typeMulti-omic approaches (RNA + H2B K16ac)
  • Emerging Applications:

    • Tracking acetylation dynamics during cellular differentiation at single-cell resolution

    • Identifying rare cell populations with distinct H2B K16ac patterns in disease states

    • Mapping acetylation heterogeneity in tumor microenvironments

    • Correlating H2B K16ac with transcriptional bursting in individual cells

  • Analytical Frameworks:

    • Dimensionality reduction techniques adapted for epigenomic data (UMAP, t-SNE)

    • Trajectory analysis to map acetylation changes during cellular transitions

    • Integration with scRNA-seq through multi-modal analysis platforms

    • Network modeling to infer regulatory relationships at single-cell level

These approaches require specialized antibody validation for the low-input conditions of single-cell methods. Researchers should verify antibody performance in immunoprecipitation reactions with minimal chromatin input and optimize signal amplification strategies for detection sensitivity while maintaining specificity .

What are the latest findings regarding the role of HIST1H2BB K16 acetylation in disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications?

Recent research has revealed complex roles for HIST1H2BB K16 acetylation in disease mechanisms with therapeutic implications:

  • Cancer Biology Findings:

    • Altered H2B K16ac patterns observed across multiple cancer types

    • Hypoacetylation of H2B K16 associated with silencing of tumor suppressor genes

    • Dynamic changes during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

    • Potential biomarker for response to HDAC inhibitor therapy

    • Correlation with specific cancer subtypes and prognosis

  • Neurodegenerative Disease Connections:

    • Reduced H2B K16ac reported in Alzheimer's disease models

    • Dysregulation in Huntington's disease affecting neuronal gene expression

    • Involvement in neuronal activity-dependent gene regulation

    • Potential target for cognitive enhancement therapies

    • Association with synaptic plasticity mechanisms

  • Inflammatory and Immune Disorders:

    • Rapid changes in H2B K16ac during macrophage activation

    • Role in regulating cytokine gene accessibility and expression

    • Altered patterns in autoimmune disease tissues

    • Potential modulation by dietary and environmental factors

    • Target for anti-inflammatory intervention strategies

  • Therapeutic Development Directions:

    ApproachMechanismDevelopment StageChallenges
    HDAC inhibitorsIncrease global acetylationClinical use for some cancersLimited specificity
    HAT activatorsDirectly enhance K16 acetylationPreclinicalTarget specificity
    Bromodomain inhibitorsBlock acetyl-lysine readersClinical trialsComplex downstream effects
    Targeted degradationProtein-specific degradersEarly researchRequires identification of specific writers/erasers
    Epigenetic editingCRISPR-based targeted modificationExperimentalDelivery to affected tissues

Understanding the precise role of H2B K16ac in disease contexts requires careful application of Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody in patient samples, disease models, and therapeutic response monitoring. Researchers should design studies that distinguish cause from consequence in acetylation changes and validate findings across multiple experimental systems .

How are computational approaches enhancing the analysis of data generated using Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody?

Advanced computational approaches are transforming how researchers analyze and interpret data generated with Acetyl-HIST1H2BB (K16) Antibody:

  • ChIP-seq Data Analysis Advancements:

    • Bayesian peak calling algorithms optimized for histone modifications

    • Differential binding analysis with spatial awareness

    • Integration of DNA sequence motifs with acetylation patterns

    • Nucleosome positioning correlation with acetylation status

    • Multi-omics integration frameworks (acetylation + transcription + chromatin accessibility)

  • Image Analysis Innovations:

    Traditional ApproachAdvanced Computational MethodImprovement
    Manual thresholdingDeep learning segmentationMore accurate nuclear identification
    Visual colocalizationSpatial statistics (Ripley's K)Quantitative assessment of spatial relationships
    Binary positive/negativePattern recognition algorithmsIdentification of subtle distribution patterns
    Single-plane analysis3D reconstruction and analysisComplete nuclear architecture understanding
    Fixed timepoint imagingPredictive modeling from time seriesDynamic behavior prediction
  • Network Biology Applications:

    • Inference of acetylation-dependent regulatory networks

    • Identification of master regulators controlling H2B K16ac patterns

    • Mapping of acetylation "readers" using protein-protein interaction data

    • Pathway enrichment analysis of differentially acetylated regions

    • Causal modeling to distinguish drivers from passengers in acetylation networks

  • Machine Learning Integration:

    • Transfer learning from public ChIP-seq datasets to improve analysis of limited samples

    • Automated antibody specificity assessment using image features

    • Pattern detection in acetylation dynamics across experimental conditions

    • Prediction of functional outcomes from acetylation patterns

    • Classification of cell states based on acetylation signatures

Researchers can leverage these computational approaches by establishing collaborations with computational biologists, utilizing open-source software packages developed for epigenomic data analysis, and developing standardized pipelines for reproducible analysis across experiments. Proper experimental design with appropriate controls and consistent metadata collection is essential for successful application of these advanced analytical methods .

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