AGR2 Antibody, Biotin conjugated

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Description

Structure and Function of AGR2 Antibody, Biotin Conjugated

The AGR2 antibody is a polyclonal or monoclonal immunoglobulin conjugated with biotin, enabling its use in biotin-avidin-based assays. Biotinylation enhances the antibody’s utility in techniques like ELISA, Western blot, and immunoprecipitation, where streptavidin-coated surfaces or probes amplify detection signals .

  • Target Specificity: The antibody binds to the 175-amino acid AGR2 protein, which is overexpressed in adenocarcinomas, including breast, prostate, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) .

  • Biotinylation Method: The conjugation process involves tagging the antibody’s lysine residues with biotin via NHS-ester chemistry, ensuring stable binding without compromising antigen recognition .

ELISA Development

The biotin-conjugated AGR2 antibody is integral to sandwich ELISA assays. For example, a study combining the antibody with a peptide-based capture reagent (H10) achieved a detection limit of 20–50 ng/mL for extracellular AGR2 in cancer cell media . This sensitivity enables non-invasive biomarker detection in patient sera .

Western Blot and Immunoprecipitation

In Western blot, the antibody detects AGR2’s 17–20 kDa isoforms, distinguishing it from cross-reactive proteins . Biotin conjugation facilitates signal enhancement via streptavidin-HRP complexes .

Therapeutic Targeting

Monoclonal variants of the antibody are being engineered for neutralizing AGR2’s pro-tumor effects. Affinity-matured clones (e.g., S31R/A53F) exhibit picomolar binding affinity and specificity, reducing tumor growth in PDAC models .

Cancer Biomarker Potential

  • Elevated AGR2 levels correlate with metastasis and poor prognosis in breast and ovarian cancers .

  • A study using a commercial ELISA kit (USCN Life Science) demonstrated AGR2 as a marker of chemotherapy-induced senescence escape in breast cancer cells .

Interactome Analysis

Biotinylated aptamers (e.g., E7) targeting AGR2’s TTIYY motif have identified interaction partners like Reptin, a regulator of helicase activity . This network mapping informs therapeutic strategies to disrupt AGR2-mediated pathways.

Therapeutic Antibodies

BsAb AGR2xPD1 combines AGR2 targeting with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition, enhancing anti-tumor responses while minimizing immune-related adverse events .

Challenges and Future Directions

  • Cross-Reactivity: AGR2 antibodies must avoid binding to homologous proteins like PDIA1 or TXN, as shown in specificity studies .

  • Therapeutic Optimization: Bispecific antibodies and proteasome inhibitors (e.g., MG132) are being explored to enhance AGR2-targeted therapies .

Product Specs

Buffer
Preservative: 0.03% Proclin 300
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Form
Liquid
Lead Time
Typically, we can ship your orders within 1-3 business days of receipt. Delivery times may vary depending on the purchasing method and location. Please consult your local distributor for specific delivery information.
Synonyms
AG 2 antibody; AG 2 protein antibody; AG-2 antibody; AG2 antibody; AG2 protein antibody; AGR 2 antibody; AGR2 antibody; AGR2_HUMAN antibody; Anterior gradient 2 homolog (Xenopus laevis) antibody; anterior gradient 2 homolog antibody; Anterior gradient 2; protein disulphide isomerase family member antibody; Anterior gradient 2; Xenopus; homolog of antibody; Anterior gradient homolog 2 antibody; Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog antibody; Epididymis secretory protein Li 116 antibody; GOB 4 antibody; GOB4 antibody; HAG 2 antibody; hAG-2 antibody; hAG2 antibody; HAG2/R antibody; HEL S 116 antibody; HPC 8 antibody; hPC8 antibody; PDIA17 antibody; Protein disulfide isomerase family A member 17 antibody; secreted cement gland homolog antibody; Secreted cement gland protein XAG 2 homolog antibody; Secreted cement gland protein XAG-2 homolog antibody; Secreted cement gland protein XAG2 homolog antibody; XAG 2 antibody; XAG2 antibody
Target Names
AGR2
Uniprot No.

Target Background

Function
AGR2 is essential for the post-transcriptional synthesis and secretion of MUC2. It may play a significant role in the production of mucus by intestinal cells. As a proto-oncogene, AGR2 could be involved in cell migration, differentiation, and growth. It also promotes cell adhesion.
Gene References Into Functions
  1. Silencing AGR2 can promote apoptosis and inhibit cell migration, invasion, and chemotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer cells through the ERK/AKT signaling pathway. PMID: 30055941
  2. Serum AGR2 levels can serve as a serum marker for the clinical prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, serum AGR2 levels may not provide advantages in clinical practice for the differential diagnosis of cancer. PMID: 29269202
  3. Research suggests that overexpression of MUC13 and loss of AGR2 expression may predict the progression of Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and an unfavorable prognosis in patients with this condition. PMID: 29650332
  4. Cytosolic AGR2 contributes to cell metastasis by stabilizing the p65 protein, which subsequently activates NF-kappaB and facilitates epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). PMID: 29410027
  5. Data indicates that AGR2 acts as a keeper of epithelial phenotypes, promoting the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and negatively affecting the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N-cadherin. PMID: 28810836
  6. Studies have demonstrated that inhibiting either FOXM1 or AGR2 in human PIMAs inhibits mucinous characteristics, reduces tumor growth and invasion. FOXM1 is necessary and sufficient to induce mucinous phenotypes in lung tumor cells in vivo. PMID: 29267283
  7. AGR2, secreted by prostate cancer cells, induces programmed cell death in normal cells. PMID: 27283903
  8. Secretion and cell surface localization of AGR2 are characteristic of bladder cancer, while the expression of AGR2 alone is not. PMID: 26894971
  9. Obesity induces the expression of the mitochondrial form of arginase ARG2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PMID: 28808255
  10. Overexpression of AGR2 counteracts the phenotypes induced by miR-342-3p. PMID: 29107102
  11. Research has shown that extracellular AGR2 plays an extracellular role independent of its endoplasmic reticulum function and elucidates this gain-of-function as a novel and unexpected critical extracellular matrix microenvironmental pro-oncogenic regulator of epithelial morphogenesis and tumorigenesis. PMID: 27240165
  12. High AGR2 expression is associated with ovarian cancer. PMID: 28481872
  13. This study demonstrates that AGR2, overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and associated with poor prognosis, up-regulates DUSP10, which subsequently inhibits p38 MAPK and prevents p53 activation by phosphorylation. PMID: 26733232
  14. A direct impact of mTOR signaling on AGR2 3'UTR shortening associated with increased protein synthesis has been observed, leading to the identification of a novel molecular mechanism involved in upregulation of AGR2 levels in mTOR-activated cells via modulating the 3'UTR length of AGR2 mRNA. PMID: 28408318
  15. Research suggests elevated AGR2 as a candidate tamoxifen-dependent mechanism of action responsible for an increased incidence of endometrial cancer. PMID: 28402678
  16. AGR2 can also be upregulated in a hormone-independent manner. AGR2 expression has been shown to be significantly increased in HER2-positive breast tumors at both the mRNA and protein levels. PMID: 28238761
  17. Findings have shown that recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticles might normalize vessels by interfering with AGR2-mediated angiogenesis in metastatic colorectal cancer. PMID: 28714365
  18. All these data clearly show that anterior gradient protein 2 is highly expressed in breast cancer and can be considered a putative biomarker for breast cancer prognosis. PMID: 28671019
  19. AGR2, through interaction with ER-alpha, enhances fulvestrant resistance and IGF-1-induced carcinogenesis in breast cancer cells. PMID: 27063095
  20. AGR2 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced Caco-2 cell hyperpermeability by regulating tight junctions, and this protective mechanism may be promoted by inhibition of NF-kappaB p65-mediated activation of the MLCK/p-MLC signaling pathway. PMID: 28339048
  21. Research has demonstrated the significant role of AGR2 in regulating EMT of glioblastoma. SDF-1 signaling induces the expression of AGR2 to control the progression of EMT in the development of glioblastoma. PMID: 26608373
  22. Results show that AGR2 is O-glycosylated upon secretion from human and rat cell lines, and this form of the protein is released from healthy cells and not as a result of cell lysis. PMID: 26169982
  23. Nearly all NSCLC tumors show AGR2 expression. Lung cancer expression of AGR2 has prognostic value for younger patients. PMID: 26445321
  24. These data together identify the single cysteine of AGR2 as an oxidant-responsive moiety that regulates its propensity for oxidation and its monomeric-dimeric state. PMID: 26876500
  25. The prognostic impact of AGR2 expression could be related to treatment outcome in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers and/or its metastasis-promoting effects. PMID: 25663596
  26. This article provides an analysis of the molecular characteristics, function, and regulation of AGR2 in cancer. PMID: 25937245
  27. AGR2 was found to be higher in HNSCC than in normal oral mucosa. High levels were associated with the T category, pathological grade, and lymphatic metastasis. AGR2 expression increased in recurring HNSCC after radiotherapy or cisplatin-based chemotherapy. PMID: 25871396
  28. The mechanism linking the IGF-1/insulin signal and AGR2 promoter activation is important. PMID: 25956506
  29. Data suggests the potential usability of anterior gradient homolog 3 (AGR3) and anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) as biomarkers for blood-based early detection of breast cancer. PMID: 25875093
  30. Our findings, for the first time, describe AGR2 as an important regulator in chemical hypoxia-induced doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells. PMID: 26079208
  31. Relying on available data and in silico analyses, the study shows that AGR2 and AGR3 proteins are co-expressed or uncoupled in context-dependent manners in diverse carcinomas and healthy tissues. PMID: 25666661
  32. High AGR2/LGR5 was associated with poor progression-free survival by multivariate analysis. PMID: 22605983
  33. Data define the importance of AGR2 in breast cancer cell growth and highlight a mechanism where changes in FOXA1 activity obviate the need for ER in the regulation of this gene. PMID: 25100862
  34. Knockdown of anterior gradient 2 expression extenuates tumor-associated phenotypes of SNU-478 ampulla of Vater cancer cells. PMID: 25367337
  35. AGR2 is a novel marker of papillary thyroid carcinoma. PMID: 24976026
  36. AGR2 splice variant transcripts are potential diagnostic biomarkers for the non-invasive detection of PCa using urine exosomes. PMID: 25237833
  37. Expression of anterior gradient 2 is decreased with the progression of human biliary tract cancer. PMID: 25186196
  38. AGR2 has both intracellular and extracellular effects in the intestine. PMID: 25111734
  39. Anterior gradient 2 downregulation in a subset of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a prognostic factor indicative of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PMID: 25418581
  40. Results indicate that DNA methylation within the AGR2 promoter modulates more aggressive cancer cell phenotypes. PMID: 24920423
  41. Data demonstrates that AGR2 protein has a more dominant action on proteome remodeling rather than transcriptome effects and highlights a dominant effect on p53 pathway attenuation. PMID: 24710632
  42. Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) was overexpressed in human Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues, particularly in cervical lymph node metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PMID: 24717913
  43. Based on an initial cohort of 37 subjects, urinary AGR2/PSA concentration ratios showed a significant difference (P = 0.026) between noncancer and cancer. PMID: 24251762
  44. These data suggest that AGR-2 influences prostate cancer metastasis by regulating cellular adhesion and apoptosis. PMID: 24587138
  45. AGR2-mediated lung adenocarcinoma metastasis novel mechanism network through repression with interferon coupling cytoskeleton to steroid metabolism-dependent humoral immune response. PMID: 24960290
  46. Increased expression of AGR2 and ERp57 is associated with cancer. [review] PMID: 24490732
  47. Data indicates that aberrantly elevated anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) expression predicts poor patient outcome. PMID: 24177142
  48. AGR2 is frequently lost in colorectal carcinomas and might be a novel independent prognostic factor for overall patient survival. PMID: 24794000
  49. Prostate cancer biomarkers, AGR2 and CD10, can be used in combination to stratify prostate cancer patients for clinical outcome. PMID: 23348903
  50. Overexpression of AGR2 showed a positive correlation with oral tumor metastasis. PMID: 23834814

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Database Links

HGNC: 328

OMIM: 606358

KEGG: hsa:10551

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000391490

UniGene: Hs.530009

Protein Families
AGR family
Subcellular Location
Secreted. Endoplasmic reticulum.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed strongly in trachea, lung, stomach, colon, prostate and small intestine. Expressed weakly in pituitary gland, salivary gland, mammary gland, bladder, appendix, ovary, fetal lung, uterus, pancreas, kidney, fetal kidney, testis, placenta, thyroid

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