BAK1 Antibody
Description
What is BAK1 Antibody?
BAK1 antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to the BAK1 protein, a pro-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family. BAK1 localizes to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) and mediates apoptosis by forming oligomeric pores, enabling cytochrome c release . These antibodies are used to study BAK1’s interactions, expression patterns, and functional roles in health and disease.
Research Applications
BAK1 antibodies are utilized in diverse experimental contexts:
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Western Blotting (WB): Detects BAK1 expression in mitochondrial extracts .
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Immunoprecipitation (IP): Identifies BAK1 interactions with BCL-2, BAX, and p53 .
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Immunofluorescence (IF): Visualizes BAK1 localization to mitochondria .
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Plant Biology: Studies BAK1’s role in brassinosteroid signaling and pathogen defense in Arabidopsis .
Key Findings Using BAK1 Antibodies:
Clinical and Therapeutic Relevance
BAK1 antibodies have highlighted the protein’s dual role in disease:
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Cancer: Reduced BAK1 activity correlates with tumor progression (e.g., colorectal cancer) .
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Neurodegeneration: Overactive BAK1 contributes to neuronal apoptosis .
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Autoimmunity: Dysregulated BAK1 in immune cells exacerbates autoimmune responses .
Therapeutic Targets:
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BH3 mimetics: Small molecules inhibiting BAK1/BCL-2 interactions .
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miRNA regulators: miR-410 suppression restores BAK1-mediated apoptosis in CRC .
Challenges and Considerations
Product Specs
Target Background
BAK1 (BRI1-Associated Kinase 1) is a dual-specificity kinase that acts on serine/threonine and tyrosine residues. It plays a crucial role in regulating the expression of genes involved in innate immunity, particularly in the absence of pathogens or elicitors. BAK1 is a key component of brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction, phosphorylating BRI1 (Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1). It modulates the equilibrium between plasma membrane-localized BRI1 homodimers and endocytosed BRI1-BAK1 heterodimers. Interaction with MSBP1 (BRI1-Suppressor 1) promotes BAK1 endocytosis and suppresses BR signaling. BAK1 participates in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) through interactions with FLS2 (Flagellin Sensing 2) and EFR (EF-Tu Receptor), and the subsequent phosphorylation of BIK1 (Botrytis-induced Kinase 1). It also influences programmed cell death (PCD) control. BAK1 positively regulates BR-dependent plant growth and negatively regulates BR-independent cell death. It phosphorylates BIR2 (BAK1-interacting Receptor-like Kinase 2), enhancing their interaction and preventing BIR2 from interacting with FLS2 in the absence of PAMPs. BAK1 is a component of the RLP23-SOBIR1-BAK1 complex mediating NLP (Necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1)-triggered immunity. It is essential for PSK (Phytochrome Signaling Kinase)-mediated promotion of seedling growth and protoplast expansion. Furthermore, BAK1, along with CNGC17 (Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel 17) and AHAs (Auxin-responsive Histidine Kinase), forms a functional cation-translocating unit activated by PSKR1/BAK1 and potentially other BAK1/RLK complexes. BAK1 is likely involved in small peptide signaling (e.g., RGF1, Root Growth Factor 1).
- BRI1 and BAK1 interact with G proteins and regulate sugar-responsive growth and development in Arabidopsis. PMID: 29670153
- The BAK1 C-terminal tail plays distinct roles in development and immunity. PMID: 29227029
- BIR3 interacts with BAK1, inhibiting ligand binding receptors and preventing BAK1 receptor complex formation. PMID: 28842532
- BAK1's role in defense against root-knot nematodes and pattern-triggered immunity. PMID: 26892116
- Allosteric mechanism for BAK1 inhibition by C408 S-glutathionylation. PMID: 29211989
- A link between plant perception of biotic threats by BAK1, GLR-mediated calcium entry, and TPC1-mediated intracellular calcium release. PMID: 28559475
- The Arabidopsis Malectin-Like/LRR-RLK IOS1 is crucial for BAK1-dependent and BAK1-independent pattern-triggered immunity. PMID: 27317676
- BAK1 contains an additional AtRALF1 binding site, suggesting its role as a co-receptor in an AtRALF1 complex and its involvement in negatively regulating cell expansion. PMID: 29028796
- Partial redundancy between SERK3 and SERK1, and the varied activity of a single coreceptor in multiple pathways. PMID: 27803191
- The highly disordered alphaC helix in an "active" BAK1 indicates deactivation, contrasting with the moderately disordered and swinging behavior of the BRI1 alphaC helix. PMID: 28559283
- Pleiotropic phenotypic alterations in BAK1-overexpressing plants result from constitutive activation of SA-mediated defense responses. PMID: 28153720
- RLP-mediated resistance and endocytosis require ligand-induced BAK1/SERK3 recruitment, similar to BAK1/SERK3 interaction and FLS2 subcellular fate. PMID: 26765243
- G protein signaling is directly activated by flg22 (flagellin peptide 22) via FLS2 and co-receptor BAK1. PMID: 27235398
- BAK1 disruption stimulates PROPEP3 release and renders PEPRs (Pep receptors) necessary for basal resistance. PMID: 26574534
- SERK1/2 extracellular domains are essential for male sporogenesis, while SERK3 extracellular and cytoplasmic domains are crucial for BR and flagellin signaling. PMID: 25864910
- FLS2 with the Q530A+Q627A mutation impairs BAK1 interaction and FLS2-mediated responses. PMID: 25356676
- Cys353, Cys374, and Cys408 are potential BAK1 cytoplasmic domain glutathionylation sites; Cys353 and Cys408 are major GRXC2-mediated glutathionylation sites. PMID: 25678081
- CERK1 and BAK1 substrate specificity determines downstream RLCKs (receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases) preference. PMID: 24750441
- BRI1 and BAK1 extracellular domains interact in a BL- and pH-dependent manner. PMID: 24126715
- A protein interaction surface on the C-terminal kinase lobe is identified; BRI1, SERK2, and SERK3 cytoplasmic segments form homodimers and weakly heteromerize. PMID: 24461462
- PP2A negatively regulates plant innate immunity by controlling BAK1 activation. PMID: 25085430
- miR172 overexpression promotes leaf elongation and increases root/hypocotyl growth. PMID: 24732353
- SERK1 and SERK3 contribute to BRI1 activity. PMID: 24072582
- BIK1 is autophosphorylated and transphosphorylated by BAK1 at multiple tyrosine residues, relaying immune signals. PMID: 24532660
- BRI1 and SERK3 plasma membrane colocalization is influenced by brassinosteroid signaling. PMID: 23796795
- BAK1-dependent PTI contributes to antiviral resistance. PMID: 23902263
- Molecular mechanisms underlying FLS2-BAK1 complex recognition of flg22 and immune receptor complex activation. PMID: 24114786
- BAK1 participates in maintaining MAMP-specific responses. PMID: 21668535
- bak1/elg-D promotes Arabidopsis growth by stimulating BR signaling while reducing biotic stress response readiness. PMID: 22961663
- BAK1 activation loop phosphorylation locks BAK1 in the active conformation; BAK1 activates RLKs, which phosphorylate downstream substrates for signal transduction and innate immunity. PMID: 22547027
- BAK1 crystal structure (space group C2, unit-cell parameters: a = 70.3, b = 75.6, c = 71.9 Å, β = 93.1°). PMID: 22442239
- BON1 and BIR1 are phosphorylated by BAK1 in vitro. PMID: 21623975
- BAK1-dependent signaling pathways are differentially regulated by the bak1-5 allele. PMID: 21593986
- Several LRR receptor kinases form complexes with BAK1 after ligand binding; subsequent phosphorylation is crucial for signal transduction. PMID: 20103591
- AtSERK3 modulates the equilibrium between BRI1 homodimers and BRI1-AtSERK3 heterodimers. PMID: 15548744
- BRI1 and BAK1 in vivo association is BR-level dependent; BRI1 and BAK1 threonine residue phosphorylation is BR dependent. PMID: 15894717
- The elg mutant, an allele of BAK1/SERK3, enhances high-light phototropism. PMID: 16126860
- Ectopic BAK1 expression in rice affects plant growth and growth regulators. PMID: 17027118
- FLS2 and BAK1 form a ligand-dependent complex within minutes of flagellin stimulation. PMID: 17625569
- SERK3/BAK1 integrates diverse perception events into downstream PAMP responses, leading to immunity. PMID: 17626179
- AvrPto and AvrPtoB bind BAK1, a shared signaling partner of FLS2 and BRI1. PMID: 18621007
- BAK1 controls plant innate immunity, acts as FLS2 coreceptor, and mediates cell death control (with SERK4), independently of brassinolide. PMID: 18667726
- Brassinosteroid-dependent BRI1 activation precedes BAK1 association; BRI1 positively regulates BAK1 phosphorylation. PMID: 18694562
- BRI1 and BAK1 cytoplasmic domains autophosphorylate on tyrosine residues (dual-specificity kinases). PMID: 19124768
KEGG: ath:AT4G33430
UniGene: At.376
