CD36 Antibody, Biotin conjugated
Description
Applications and Validation
The antibody is validated for multiple techniques, with specific applications highlighted below:
Flow Cytometry
-
Target Cells: Platelets, macrophages, microglia, adipocytes, and PBMCs.
-
Usage: Detection of CD36 expression on cell surfaces.
-
Protocol: Typically used at ≤0.25 µg/million cells in 100 µL volume .
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
-
Tissue Targets: Liver, adipose tissue, brain (microglia), and atherosclerotic plaques.
Western Blot (WB)
Functional Studies
-
Neutralization: CD36-blocking antibodies inhibit ligand binding (e.g., oxidized LDL, β-amyloid) and downstream signaling (e.g., TLR2/IRF7 pathways) .
Role in Immune Response
CD36 facilitates recognition of pathogens and apoptotic cells. Key studies include:
-
Microglial Activation: CD36 mediates β-amyloid-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in microglia, contributing to neuroinflammation .
-
TLR Signaling: CD36 interacts with TLR2 and TLR6 to amplify inflammatory responses, as shown in LPS-challenged microglia .
Lipid Metabolism
CD36 regulates fatty acid uptake and storage:
-
Fatty Acid Transport: CD36 internalization upon FA binding (e.g., oleate) delivers lipids to adipocytes via caveolae-dependent endocytosis .
-
Inhibition: SMS121, a CD36 inhibitor, reduces FA uptake in AML cells and decreases viability .
Disease Relevance
-
Atherosclerosis: CD36 binds oxidized LDL, promoting foam cell formation .
-
Malaria: CD36 mediates cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes .
Critical Considerations
Product Specs
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Target Background
CD36 is a multifunctional glycoprotein receptor with broad ligand specificity. It binds a diverse array of ligands, including proteins such as thrombospondin, fibronectin, collagen, and amyloid-beta, as well as lipids like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), anionic phospholipids, long-chain fatty acids, and bacterial diacylated lipopeptides. The multivalent nature of these ligands allows for simultaneous engagement of multiple CD36 receptors, leading to receptor clustering, signal transduction, and internalization of receptor-ligand complexes. Coreceptor involvement in signaling is ligand-dependent. Cellular responses to these ligand interactions play critical roles in angiogenesis, inflammation, fatty acid metabolism, taste perception, and dietary fat processing within the intestine.
CD36 facilitates long-chain fatty acid transport into cells, impacting muscle lipid utilization, adipose energy storage, and intestinal fat absorption. In the small intestine, it contributes to the proximal absorption of dietary fatty acids and cholesterol, crucial for optimal chylomicron formation, possibly through MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway activation. It also participates in oral fat perception and preference, mediating the induction of increased intracellular calcium levels in taste receptor cells upon long-chain fatty acid detection, subsequently activating gustatory neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Furthermore, CD36 is involved in ventromedial hypothalamus neuronal sensing of long-chain fatty acids, regulating energy and glucose homeostasis.
CD36 functions as a receptor for thrombospondins THBS1 and THBS2, mediating their antiangiogenic effects. Acting as a coreceptor for the TLR4:TLR6 heterodimer, it promotes inflammation in monocytes/macrophages. Upon binding ligands such as oxLDL or amyloid-beta 42, it interacts with the TLR4:TLR6 heterodimer, triggering complex internalization and an inflammatory response. This leads to NF-κB-dependent production of CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL9 cytokines (via MYD88 signaling), CCL5 cytokine (via TICAM1 signaling), and IL1B secretion (through NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation). CD36 serves as a selective and non-redundant sensor of microbial diacylated lipopeptides that signal through the TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer, initiating cell surface signaling and NF-κB-dependent TNF production (via MYD88 signaling). Subsequently, it undergoes Golgi targeting via a lipid-raft dependent pathway. Finally, CD36 directly mediates cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes and particle internalization independently of TLR signaling.
The following studies highlight the diverse roles and clinical implications of CD36:
- Normal and defective embryos lacking SR-B1 exhibit divergent expression profiles. PMID: 30290792
- CD36 plays a significant role in preabsorptive hormonal and bile acid responses that coordinate brain and gut regulation of energy metabolism. PMID: 29546316
- CD36 is among the most significantly upregulated lipid-related genes in senescent cells, suggesting a role in senescence-like phenotypes. PMID: 29974107
- Hepatic stellate cell-derived COMP collaborates with CD36 in MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. PMID: 30231922
- Downregulated CD36 expression in lung cancer is associated with high methylation, impacting cancer progression. PMID: 29969695
- CD36 gene polymorphisms (rs7755 and rs3211956) and ApoE gene genotypes are associated with Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 30235742
- Individuals with different CD36, NOS3, and PPARG genotypes respond differently to omega-3 supplementation in blood lipid profiles. PMID: 29703528
- Elevated YKL-40 and CD36 gene expression and serum levels of sCD36, PPAR-gamma, and YKL-40 are observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with hypertension. PMID: 29806605
- SNPs in CD36, TAS1R2, and TAS2R38 are associated with snacking behavior in preschool-aged children. PMID: 29385734
- CD36 is crucial for muscle glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness. PMID: 29748289
- Up-regulation of PBMCs CAP1, CD36 mRNA, and plasma resistin is observed in coronary artery disease, suggesting a role in atherosclerosis. PMID: 28707728
- High CD36 expression in breast cancer tissues is linked to proliferation, and the anti-proliferative effect of a SCD1 inhibitor is not reversed by exogenous oleic acid in CD36 knockdown cells. PMID: 28765876
- While CD36 genotypes are not independently associated with T2DM progression, an interaction between CD36 variants and obesity influences T2DM susceptibility. PMID: 29572193
- The rs1194182 polymorphism in the CD36 gene is associated with intracerebral hemorrhage, with the GG genotype being a predictor. PMID: 28804718
- Polymorphisms rs1049673, rs3211931, and rs1761667 are associated with increased intraocular pressure. PMID: 28557591
- CD36 marks adipocyte progenitor cells with high adipogenic potential, likely by facilitating lipid uptake. PMID: 28470788
- Elevated sCD36 levels correlate with intrahepatic lipid, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), suggesting hepatocyte origin and involvement in NAFLD development. PMID: 27916988
- oxLDL induces MALAT1 transcription, which recruits beta-catenin to the CD36 promoter, enhancing lipid uptake in macrophages. PMID: 29258822
- Acetylation-deacetylation signaling regulates CD36 activity, impacting lipid accumulation and caspase 3 activation in pancreatic beta cells under glucotoxicity. PMID: 29274335
- The AKT-PPARgamma signaling pathway mediates high glucose-induced lipid deposition by upregulating CD36 expression in HK-2 cells. PMID: 28497039
- CD36/STAT3 SNPs may modulate the effects of different diets on biochemical and inflammatory markers. PMID: 27596284
- CD36 SNPs rs1194182 and rs10499859 reduce the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID: 28693442
- CD36 and MARCO are associated with carotid atherosclerosis susceptibility in Chinese Han females, with menopausal status influencing the association. PMID: 28866086
- Diet-induced obesity is linked to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer progression via LPA/PKD-1-CD36 signaling-mediated microvascular remodeling. PMID: 28186980
- Atherogenic conditions regulate platelet CD36 signaling by increasing superoxide radical anion and hydrogen peroxide, promoting MAPK ERK5 activation. PMID: 28336528
- High CD36 expression is associated with acute monocytic leukemia. PMID: 28108519
- Common CD36 SNPs reduce adipose and heart CD36 levels, leading to higher chylomicron remnants and LDL. PMID: 27729386
- CD36 mediates surfactant lipid uptake by human macrophages, exploited by Mycobacterium tuberculosis for growth. PMID: 27913648
- Unligated CD36 exists in nanoclusters, promoting TSP-1 binding and enrichment with Fyn. PMID: 27694211
- CD36 SNP rs1527483 influences oral fat perception but not obesity in Malaysian subjects. PMID: 27847178
- Lysophosphatidic acid/PKD-1 signaling suppresses endothelial CD36 transcription, resulting in proangiogenic reprogramming. PMID: 27013613
- Individuals >=30 years old with abdominal obesity exhibit lower CD36 levels and mRNA expression compared to younger individuals. PMID: 27525284
- Molecular dynamics simulations reveal CD36 TM1 dimerization modes driven by specific motifs. PMID: 28336533
- Tamoxifen inhibits CD36 expression and oxLDL accumulation by inactivating the PPARgamma signaling pathway. PMID: 27358406
- Review of signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in CD36 and GLUT4 regulation. PMID: 27403883
- Rspo2 manipulation regulates PPARgamma binding to the CD36 promoter. PMID: 27571704
- Description of a CD44(bright) cell subpopulation in oral carcinomas that express high CD36 and lipid metabolism genes, with metastatic potential. PMID: 27974793
- CD36 rs1984112_G is a potential biomarker for predicting vascular occlusion risk in sickle cell disease patients. PMID: 27869039
- CD36 gene variations are associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. PMID: 28111291
- A novel CD36-ERK/MAPK-dependent mechanism is involved in macrophage lipid accumulation by piHDL. PMID: 27995417
- Oxidized plasma albumin exhibits pro-thrombotic activity via a CD36-dependent pathway in end-stage kidney disease patients. PMID: 26905525
- No association found between placental CD36 expression and maternal body mass index. PMID: 27016784
