CDH11 Antibody

What is CDH11 and what are its primary functions in cellular processes?

CDH11 (Cadherin-11), also known as OB-cadherin (osteoblast cadherin), is a type II classical cadherin that functions in calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. This 796 amino acid transmembrane protein has a molecular weight of approximately 88-110 kDa . CDH11 is primarily expressed in brain tissue but is also found in various other tissues, including synovial tissues, and is involved in:

• Calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules

• Cell differentiation processes, particularly in mesenchymal stem cells

• Regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

• Involvement in metastatic signaling in various cancers

CDH11 mediates these functions through interaction with cytoplasmic proteins including β-catenin and p120 catenin, activating downstream signaling pathways such as MAPK and NF-κB .

What applications are CDH11 antibodies validated for in research settings?

CDH11 antibodies have been validated for multiple applications across various research settings:

When selecting an antibody for a specific application, researchers should consult validation data for each antibody and optimize dilutions for their specific experimental conditions .

How should CDH11 antibodies be stored and handled to maintain optimal activity?

Proper storage and handling of CDH11 antibodies is critical for maintaining their activity and specificity:

• Temperature requirements: Most CDH11 antibodies should be stored at 2-8°C (refrigerated) . Some antibody formats may require storage at -80°C for long-term preservation .

• Storage buffer considerations: Antibodies are typically supplied in buffers containing stabilizers such as BSA. Some antibodies are available in PBS-only formulations for conjugation purposes .

• Avoid freeze-thaw cycles: Repeated freezing and thawing can damage antibody structure and reduce activity. Most fluorophore-conjugated antibodies should never be frozen .

• Concentration considerations: Working dilutions should be prepared fresh before use, while stock solutions should remain at recommended storage conditions.

• Light sensitivity: Fluorophore-conjugated CDH11 antibodies (PE, APC, Alexa Fluor) should be protected from prolonged light exposure to prevent photobleaching .

Always consult product-specific information for optimal storage and handling recommendations for particular antibody clones or formats.

How should optimal CDH11 antibody dilutions be determined for different experimental applications?

Determining optimal antibody dilutions is critical for obtaining specific signals while minimizing background. For CDH11 antibodies, consider:

Western Blot Optimization:

• Begin with manufacturer-recommended dilutions (typically 1:1000-1:2000)

• Use positive control samples with known CDH11 expression (PC-3 prostate cancer cell line shows strong CDH11 expression)

• Test serial dilutions (e.g., 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:5000)

• Use reducing conditions and Immunoblot Buffer Group 1 for optimal results

• Expected band size: approximately 110-137 kDa depending on cell type and post-translational modifications

Immunohistochemistry Optimization:

• Start with 8-15 μg/mL concentration for paraffin-embedded sections

• Include appropriate antigen retrieval methods

• Test different incubation times and temperatures (overnight at 4°C often yields best results)

• Include positive control tissues (placenta or prostate cancer tissues)

Flow Cytometry Optimization:

• Begin with 5 μL per million cells or 5 μL per 100 μL whole blood

• Include appropriate isotype controls (e.g., PE Mouse IgG1, κ Isotype for PE-conjugated anti-CDH11)

• Test on cells with known CDH11 expression (H460 lung cancer cells)

As noted across multiple antibody datasheets: "Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application" .

What controls are essential when using CDH11 antibodies in research applications?

Proper controls are critical for interpreting results obtained with CDH11 antibodies:

Positive Controls:

• Cell lines: PC-3 (prostate cancer), H460 (lung cancer), and MCF7/MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) cells express detectable levels of CDH11

• Tissues: Human placenta, prostate cancer, and ovary tissues show CDH11 expression

• Recombinant proteins: Purified recombinant CDH11 can be used as a positive control in immunoblotting and ELISA applications

Negative Controls:

• Primary antibody omission: To assess non-specific binding of secondary antibody

• Isotype controls: For flow cytometry, use appropriate isotype-matched non-specific antibodies (PE Mouse IgG1, κ Isotype for PE-conjugated anti-CDH11)

• CDH11 knockdown/knockout: siRNA-mediated CDH11 silencing to confirm antibody specificity

Specificity Controls:

• Cross-reactivity testing: Some antibodies show <5% cross-reactivity with related cadherins (e.g., recombinant human Cadherin-7)

• Blocking peptides: Pre-incubation of antibody with immunizing peptide should eliminate specific staining

• Multiple antibody validation: Using different antibody clones targeting distinct epitopes of CDH11 to confirm findings

Implementing these controls helps ensure the reliability and reproducibility of experimental results with CDH11 antibodies.

How does CDH11 expression and localization differ between normal tissues and disease states?

CDH11 expression and localization show notable differences between normal tissues and various disease states:

Normal Tissues:

• Brain: CDH11 is primarily expressed in neuroblasts and neural tissues

• Placenta: Shows discrete CDH11 localization patterns in specific cell types

• Osteoblasts: As "OB-cadherin," CDH11 plays a role in normal bone development

Cancer:

• Breast cancer: CDH11 is associated with invasive breast carcinoma and shows increased expression compared to normal breast tissue

• Prostate cancer: Strong membranous staining in PC-3 cells and prostate cancer tissues

• Glioblastoma: CDH11 expression affects prognosis in newly diagnosed primary glioblastoma

Inflammatory Diseases:

• Rheumatoid arthritis: CDH11 is upregulated in synovial fibroblasts and contributes to inflammatory responses through MAPK and NF-κB activation

• CDH11 stimulates synovial fibroblasts to produce chemokines, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases

Localization Differences:

• Normal cells: Primarily membranous localization

• Cancer cells: Often shows altered distribution with cytoplasmic localization in addition to membranous staining

• EMT processes: CDH11 expression increases during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, correlating with increased vimentin and fibronectin expression

Immunohistochemical analysis using CDH11 antibodies can help visualize these differences, with methods such as the Anti-Mouse or Anti-Goat HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kits providing clear visualization when counterstained with hematoxylin .

What signaling pathways are regulated by CDH11 in cancer progression and metastasis?

CDH11 regulates multiple signaling pathways that contribute to cancer progression and metastasis:

Wnt/β-catenin Pathway:

• CDH11 expression correlates with increased β-catenin levels in metastatic breast cancer

• Anti-CDH11 antibody treatment suppresses β-catenin expression in metastatic breast cancer cells

• By targeting β-catenin and CDH11, researchers can regulate canonical Wnt-signaling pathway activity

TGF-β Signaling:

• CDH11 regulates TGF-β1 expression and affects cellular differentiation through TGF-β receptor II (TGF-β-RII) pathway

• TGF-β1 increases CDH11 expression by activating SMAD2/3-Snail signaling pathway

• This bidirectional regulation creates a feedback loop promoting metastatic potential

MAPK and NF-κB Activation:

• CDH11 induces IL-6 production through MAPK signaling and NF-κB activation

• CDH11 synergizes with pro-inflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-1β) to enhance expression of inflammatory mediators

• This inflammatory signaling contributes to metastatic niche formation

Rho/ROCK Pathway:

• CDH11 can activate serum response factor (SRF) and smooth muscle cell proteins through the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway

• This pathway regulates cytoskeletal reorganization required for cell migration

miR-335 Regulatory Axis:

• A negative correlation exists between CDH11 and microRNA-335 (miR-335)

• Anti-CDH11 antibody treatment increases the miR-335/CDH11 ratio

• This regulatory axis influences expression of metastasis-associated genes including β-catenin and vimentin

Experimental approaches to study these pathways include:

• Western blot analysis of pathway components after CDH11 manipulation

• Phosphorylation-specific antibodies to assess pathway activation

• Reporter assays for transcriptional activity

• Co-immunoprecipitation to detect protein-protein interactions

• In vivo metastasis models with pathway inhibitors

How can anti-CDH11 antibodies be used therapeutically in cancer research models?

Anti-CDH11 antibodies have shown promising therapeutic potential in cancer research models through multiple mechanisms:

Suppression of Metastasis:

• In vivo administration of anti-CDH11 antibody (1 mg/kg, 5 times per week) significantly reduced distant metastasis in mice bearing MCF7 or MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenografts

• Treatment was initiated on day 8 post-tumor inoculation via intravenous delivery

• Anti-CDH11 monoclonal antibody (clone 2C67) was effective at suppressing metastatic spread

Molecular Mechanism of Action:

• Anti-CDH11 antibody suppresses expression of:

  • CDH11 itself (through downregulation)

  • β-catenin (disrupting Wnt signaling)

  • Fibronectin

  • Vimentin (reducing EMT characteristics)

• Increases miR-335/CDH11 ratio, enhancing anti-metastatic effects

Inhibition of Cancer Stem Cell-like Phenotype:

• Treatment with anti-CDH11 antibody abrogates cancer stem cell (CSC)-like traits in breast cancer cells

• Reduces CD44high/CD24low population as measured by flow cytometry

• Inhibits mammosphere formation capacity

Experimental Protocols:

• For in vitro studies:

  • Treat breast cancer cells (post-co-culture with cancer-associated fibroblasts) with anti-CDH11 antibody at 1 mg/ml for 48 hours

  • Analyze changes in metastasis-associated gene expression via Western blot

  • Assess invasion and migration capabilities using Boyden chamber assays

• For in vivo studies:

  • Establish orthotopic mammary fat pad tumors using 1×106 cancer cells

  • Begin I.V. treatment with 1 mg/kg monoclonal anti-CDH11 antibody 5 times weekly

  • Monitor primary tumor growth and assess distant metastasis through histological analysis

• Combination approaches:

  • Anti-CDH11 antibody can be combined with miR-335 mimics for enhanced anti-metastatic effects

  • Potential synergy with conventional chemotherapeutics

This therapeutic approach highlights CDH11 as a promising target for metastasis-limiting treatments in breast cancer and potentially other CDH11-expressing malignancies .

What methodologies are optimal for investigating CDH11's role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition?

Investigating CDH11's role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) requires multiple complementary methodologies:

Cell Culture Models:

• Co-culture systems: Culturing breast cancer cells (MCF7, MDA-MB-231) with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) for 72 hours induces EMT with increased CDH11 expression

• 3D culture systems: Better recapitulate the in vivo tumor microenvironment than 2D cultures

• TGF-β1 treatment: Activates SMAD2/3-Snail signaling pathway to increase CDH11 expression and promote EMT

Protein Expression Analysis:

• Western blot protocol:

  • Harvest protein (20 μg/lane) from parental or manipulated cells

  • Separate using 10% SDS/PAGE gel

  • Transfer to PVDF membrane

  • Block with 5% skim milk in TBST for 1 hour at room temperature

  • Incubate with primary antibodies against:

    • CDH11 (1:1000, clone 2C67)

    • E-cadherin (1:1000, epithelial marker)

    • Vimentin (1:1000, mesenchymal marker)

    • β-catenin (1:2000)

    • Other EMT markers (Snail, Slug, etc.)

  • Detect using enhanced chemiluminescence system

Immunofluorescence/Immunocytochemistry:

• Dual labeling of CDH11 with epithelial markers (E-cadherin) and mesenchymal markers (vimentin)

• Track cellular localization changes during EMT progression

• Use fluorescently-labeled CDH11 antibodies (PE, APC, or Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates)

Functional Assays:

• Migration assays: Boyden chamber or wound healing assays to assess increased motility

• Invasion assays: Matrigel-coated transwell systems to quantify invasive capacity

• Mechanical testing: Atomic force microscopy to measure changes in cell stiffness during EMT

Gene Expression Manipulation:

• CDH11 knockdown: siRNA-mediated silencing to assess dependency of EMT on CDH11

• CDH11 overexpression: Transfection with CDH11 expression vectors

• miR-335 modulation: Using miR-335 mimics or inhibitors to regulate CDH11 expression

Flow Cytometry Analysis:

• Harvest 1×106 breast cancer cells after relevant treatments or manipulations

• Incubate with 10 μl anti-CD44-PE and anti-CD24-FITC antibodies at room temperature for 30 min

• Wash and resuspend in 200 μl PBS

• Analyze with flow cytometer to quantify CD44high/CD24low EMT/stem-like population

In Vivo Models:

• Orthotopic xenograft models with immunocompromised mice

• Assessment of circulating tumor cells and distant metastasis

• Treatment with anti-CDH11 antibodies or miR-335 mimics to assess reversal of EMT

These methodologies, used in combination, provide comprehensive insights into CDH11's role in promoting and maintaining EMT during cancer progression.

What is the relationship between CDH11 and microRNA-335 in regulating metastatic potential?

The relationship between CDH11 and microRNA-335 (miR-335) represents a critical regulatory axis in metastatic potential:

Inverse Correlation:

• A strong negative correlation exists between CDH11 and miR-335 expression in metastatic breast cancer models

• As miR-335 levels decrease, CDH11 expression increases, promoting metastatic phenotypes

• Chen et al. identified this relationship and demonstrated its functional significance

Molecular Mechanism:

• miR-335 likely targets CDH11 mRNA directly or indirectly for degradation or translational repression

• Ectopic expression of miR-335 suppresses:

  • CDH11 expression

  • β-catenin levels

  • Vimentin expression

• This coordinated suppression attenuates both metastatic potential and cancer stem cell-like traits

Experimental Evidence:

• Transfection with miR-335 mimic reduces CDH11 expression and metastatic capacity in breast cancer cells

• Conversely, inhibition of miR-335 results in increased metastatic potential

• Anti-CDH11 antibody treatment increases miR-335 expression, suggesting a feedback loop

• In vivo studies show that administration of miR-335 mimic suppresses tumorigenesis and inhibits cancer metastasis

Therapeutic Ratio Concept:

• The miR-335/CDH11 ratio is more predictive of metastatic potential than either marker alone

• Enhanced miR-335/CDH11 ratio correlates with suppression of:

  • Cancer stem cell-like phenotypes

  • Metastatic capacity

  • EMT characteristics

• Anti-CDH11 antibody therapy significantly increases this ratio, contributing to its efficacy

Experimental Approaches to Study This Relationship:

• Dual luciferase reporter assays to confirm direct miR-335 targeting of CDH11

• Site-directed mutagenesis of predicted miR-335 binding sites in CDH11 3'UTR

• qRT-PCR analysis of miR-335 and CDH11 expression levels after various treatments

• Western blot analysis of downstream effectors

• In vivo delivery of miR-335 mimic using polyethylenimine (in vivo-jetPEI®) carrier

This inverse relationship provides a mechanistic basis for developing therapeutic strategies targeting either CDH11 (through antibodies) or miR-335 (through mimics), with potential for combination approaches to maximize anti-metastatic effects .

What are the best methods for validating CDH11 antibody specificity in research applications?

Validating CDH11 antibody specificity is critical for generating reliable research data. Recommended validation methods include:

Genetic Approaches:

• siRNA knockdown: Transfect cells with CDH11-specific siRNA and confirm reduction in antibody signal

• CRISPR/Cas9 knockout: Generate CDH11 knockout cell lines as negative controls

• Overexpression systems: Transfect CDH11-negative cells with CDH11 expression vectors

Biochemical Validation:

• Western blot analysis:

  • Verify correct molecular weight (88-110 kDa depending on post-translational modifications)

  • Check for absence of non-specific bands

  • Compare results using different antibody clones targeting distinct epitopes

• Peptide competition assays: Pre-incubate antibody with immunizing peptide to confirm specificity

Immunoprecipitation:

• Perform IP followed by mass spectrometry to confirm target identity

• Reciprocal IP with different CDH11 antibodies to verify consistent pulldown

Cross-reactivity Testing:

• Test on related cadherin family members

  • Example: R&D Systems AF1790 shows <5% cross-reactivity with recombinant human Cadherin-7 in direct ELISAs

• Use known positive and negative control cell lines:

  • Positive: PC-3 (prostate cancer), H460 (lung cancer)

  • Negative: Cell lines with confirmed absence of CDH11 expression

Multiple Application Concordance:

• Compare staining patterns across multiple techniques (WB, IHC, IF, Flow cytometry)

• Consistent results across techniques strengthen confidence in antibody specificity

Tissue Expression Pattern:

• Verify expected tissue expression patterns in normal human tissues

• CDH11 is expressed mainly in brain but also found in other tissues including placenta

A comprehensive validation approach using multiple methods provides the strongest evidence for antibody specificity and ensures reliable research outcomes.

How can researchers troubleshoot common issues with CDH11 antibody staining in different applications?

Troubleshooting CDH11 antibody staining issues requires systematic approach based on the specific application:

Western Blot Troubleshooting:

Immunohistochemistry Troubleshooting:

Flow Cytometry Troubleshooting:

General Considerations:

• Storage issues: Antibody degradation can occur with improper storage or repeated freeze-thaw cycles

• Secondary antibody mismatch: Ensure secondary antibody correctly matches the host species of primary antibody

• Fixation sensitivity: Some epitopes may be sensitive to particular fixatives

• Batch variability: Different lots of the same antibody may show performance variations

When troubleshooting, change only one variable at a time and include appropriate positive and negative controls to systematically identify and resolve issues.

What considerations are important when selecting between different CDH11 antibody clones for specific research questions?

Selecting the appropriate CDH11 antibody clone requires careful consideration of multiple factors:

Epitope Recognition:

• Extracellular domain antibodies:

  • Useful for detecting intact CDH11 on cell surfaces

  • Better for flow cytometry and therapeutic applications

  • Example: Antibodies targeting cadherin domain 1 (BioLegend 16G5 clone)

• Intracellular domain antibodies:

  • Useful for detecting CDH11 in fixed/permeabilized samples

  • Often better for detecting processed forms of CDH11

• Full-length protein antibodies:

  • May recognize multiple epitopes across the protein

  • Example: Antibodies raised against Sf21-derived recombinant human CDH11 (Phe23-Thr617)

Clone Performance in Specific Applications:

Species Reactivity:

• Human-specific antibodies: Most research focuses on human CDH11

• Mouse-reactive antibodies: Necessary for mouse models

• Multi-species reactive:

  • Affinity Biosciences DF3523 (reactive to Human, Mouse)

  • Some antibodies predict reactivity with additional species (Pig, Bovine, Horse, etc.)

Validation Status:

• Level of validation varies between commercially available antibodies

• Consider antibodies with validation in knockout/knockdown systems

• Check for validation in multiple applications and cell types

• Review published literature using specific clones

Monoclonal vs. Polyclonal Considerations:

• Monoclonal antibodies:

  • More consistent lot-to-lot

  • Highly specific for single epitope

  • Examples: R&D Systems MAB1790 , BioLegend 16G5

• Polyclonal antibodies:

  • May recognize multiple epitopes

  • Often higher sensitivity but potentially lower specificity

  • Example: R&D Systems AF1790 (Goat polyclonal)

Functional Applications:

• Neutralizing/blocking antibodies:

  • Useful for functional studies investigating CDH11's role in cellular processes

  • Demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting metastasis

• Non-neutralizing antibodies:

  • Better for detection applications without interfering with function

Researchers should carefully review validation data, published studies, and manufacturer recommendations before selecting a CDH11 antibody clone for their specific research question.

How are CDH11 antibodies being utilized to understand the role of this protein in inflammatory diseases beyond cancer?

CDH11 antibodies are increasingly being used to investigate inflammatory diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory conditions:

Rheumatoid Arthritis Research:

• CDH11 is expressed in synovial fibroblasts and contributes to inflammatory joint destruction

• Antibodies detect upregulation of CDH11 in RA synovial tissue compared to osteoarthritis or normal joints

• CDH11 stimulates synovial fibroblasts to produce pro-inflammatory mediators:

  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

  • Various chemokines

  • Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

Inflammatory Signaling Pathway Analysis:

• CDH11 antibodies help elucidate how CDH11 activates:

  • MAPK signaling pathways

  • NF-κB activation

• These pathways synergize with other pro-inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α and IL-1β

• Immunoprecipitation with CDH11 antibodies followed by proteomics can identify novel interaction partners

Sex-Specific Inflammatory Regulation:

• Studies have shown that estrogen can enhance CDH11-mediated inflammatory responses

• CDH11 antibodies help track differential expression and activity between male and female patients

• This research may explain sex-dependent differences in inflammatory disease prevalence and severity

Therapeutic Targeting in Inflammatory Diseases:

• Similar to cancer applications, anti-CDH11 antibodies may have therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases

• Methodological approaches:

  • In vitro: Treating synovial fibroblasts with anti-CDH11 antibodies and measuring inflammatory mediator production

  • Ex vivo: Culturing patient-derived synovial tissue with anti-CDH11 antibodies

  • In vivo: Animal models of inflammatory arthritis treated with anti-CDH11 antibodies

Fibrosis and Tissue Remodeling:

• CDH11 plays a role in fibrotic diseases through regulation of extracellular matrix production

• Antibodies help track CDH11 expression in models of pulmonary, renal, and hepatic fibrosis

• Dual staining with fibroblast markers helps identify CDH11-expressing cells in fibrotic tissues

Methodological approaches for studying CDH11 in inflammatory contexts include immunohistochemistry of affected tissues, ELISA measurement of inflammatory mediators after CDH11 manipulation, and co-culture systems modeling complex inflammatory microenvironments.

What novel technological approaches are being developed to enhance CDH11 antibody specificity and utility in complex research applications?

Several innovative technological approaches are enhancing CDH11 antibody specificity and utility:

Recombinant Antibody Technology:

• Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) targeting CDH11 offer improved tissue penetration

• Humanized anti-CDH11 antibodies reduce immunogenicity for therapeutic applications

• Site-specific conjugation techniques for attaching fluorophores or drugs at defined positions, improving consistency

Multiplex Detection Systems:

• Cytometric bead arrays using CDH11 antibodies:

  • Proteintech's matched antibody pair (MP50193-2: 68818-2-PBS capture and 68818-3-PBS detection)

  • Enables simultaneous detection of CDH11 and other proteins in limited samples

• Mass cytometry (CyTOF) compatible anti-CDH11 antibodies for high-dimensional analysis

Single-Cell Applications:

• TotalSeq™ antibodies (e.g., TotalSeq™-C0131 anti-human CDH11)

• Compatible with single-cell RNA sequencing for simultaneous protein and gene expression analysis

• Enables correlation between CDH11 protein levels and transcriptome changes at single-cell resolution

Advanced Imaging Applications:

• Super-resolution microscopy compatible antibody formats

• Proximity ligation assays (PLA) to detect CDH11 interactions with binding partners with nanometer resolution

• Multiplexed immunofluorescence with Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-human CDH11 for co-localization studies

Therapeutic Delivery Innovations:

• Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting CDH11 for selective delivery of cytotoxic agents to CDH11-expressing cells

• Bispecific antibodies targeting CDH11 and immune effector cells for enhanced immune responses against CDH11-positive tumors

• Combination with nanoparticle delivery systems:

  • miR-335 mimic delivery using polyethylenimine (in vivo-jetPEI®) carriers

  • Can be combined with anti-CDH11 antibody therapy for synergistic effects

Conjugation-Ready Formats:

• Antibodies in PBS-only buffer (BSA and azide-free) at defined concentrations (1 mg/mL)

• Ready for conjugation to various tags, fluorophores, or functional groups

• Enables customized applications beyond standard commercial offerings

These technological advances are expanding the research and therapeutic applications of CDH11 antibodies beyond traditional detection methods, allowing for more sophisticated experimental designs and potential clinical translation.

What is the current understanding of CDH11's role in normal development, and how are antibodies contributing to this knowledge?

CDH11 plays critical roles in normal development across multiple tissue types, with antibodies providing essential tools for elucidating these functions:

Neural Development:

• CDH11 is primarily expressed in the developing brain and neuroblasts

• Immunohistochemistry with CDH11 antibodies reveals expression patterns in:

  • Neural crest cells during migration

  • Specific neuronal populations during circuit formation

  • Boundary regions between developing brain structures

• These studies suggest roles in neural patterning and circuit formation

Mesenchymal Differentiation:

• CDH11 is necessary for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into specific lineages

• Antibody-based studies show that CDH11:

  • Induces differentiation of MSCs into contractile smooth muscle cells (SMCs)

  • Regulates TGF-β1 expression through TGF-β receptor II (TGF-β-RII) pathway

  • Activates serum response factor (SRF) and SMC proteins through ROCK pathway

Bone Development:

• As "OB-cadherin," CDH11 plays crucial roles in osteoblast function and bone formation

• CDH11 antibodies help track:

  • Expression patterns during different stages of osteoblast differentiation

  • Alterations in CDH11 localization during mineralization processes

  • Interactions with other adhesion molecules in developing bone

Placental Development:

• CDH11 is expressed in human placenta

• TGF-β1 increases CDH11 expression by activating SMAD2/3-Snail signaling pathway, promoting differentiation of human trophoblast cells

• Immunohistochemical studies with CDH11 antibodies reveal specific localization patterns in placental tissues

Methodological Approaches:

• Temporal expression analysis:

  • Immunohistochemical staining of tissues at different developmental stages

  • Western blot analysis of protein extracts from embryonic tissues

• Co-localization studies:

  • Dual immunofluorescence with developmental marker antibodies

  • Confocal microscopy to determine precise cellular localization

• Functional perturbation:

  • Application of blocking anti-CDH11 antibodies to developing organ cultures

  • Assessment of developmental outcomes after CDH11 disruption

Understanding CDH11's normal developmental roles provides context for its pathological functions in diseases like cancer and inflammatory conditions. CDH11 antibodies serve as critical tools for mapping expression patterns, tracking protein dynamics, and functionally perturbing CDH11 activity in developmental systems.