CEACAM16 Antibody, FITC conjugated

Shipped with Ice Packs
In Stock

Description

Biological Context of CEACAM16

CEACAM16 is a cell adhesion molecule primarily expressed in the tectorial membrane of the inner ear, where it stabilizes auditory function . Its dysregulation has been linked to hearing impairments . Beyond auditory roles, CEACAM16 is expressed in certain cancer types, including colorectal cancer, where it may serve as a diagnostic or therapeutic target .

Applications and Usage

The CEACAM16 Antibody, FITC conjugated, is optimized for:

  • Flow Cytometry: Detecting CEACAM16 expression in human cell populations .

  • Immunocytochemistry: Visualizing CEACAM16 in tissue or cell samples .

Protocols:

  • Optimal dilutions must be experimentally determined for each application .

  • For flow cytometry, pair with a compatible secondary antibody (e.g., PE-conjugated) .

Auditory System Studies

CEACAM16 is essential for tectorial membrane integrity . Knockout models exhibit hearing loss, underscoring its role in mechanotransduction .

Cancer Research

While not directly marketed for oncology, CEACAM16 is part of the broader CEACAM family (e.g., CEACAM1, CEACAM5) targeted in colorectal cancer diagnostics . A related antibody (6G5j) binds multiple CEACAMs, including CEACAM16, and has been tested for fluorescence-guided surgery .

Comparative Analysis with Other CEACAM Antibodies

AntibodyConjugationReactivityApplications
CEACAM16 [SU-9D5]UnconjugatedHuman, MouseFlow Cytometry, IHC-P
CEACAM16 [2747B]PEHumanFlow Cytometry, ICC
CEACAM16 [FITC]FITCHumanFlow Cytometry, ICC

Key Difference: The FITC-conjugated variant is primarily used for fluorescence-based assays, while unconjugated versions (e.g., [SU-9D5]) are versatile for immunohistochemistry .

Product Specs

Buffer
Preservative: 0.03% Proclin 300
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Form
Liquid
Lead Time
Typically, we can ship the products within 1-3 business days after receiving your order. Delivery times may vary depending on the purchase method or location. For specific delivery times, please consult your local distributor.
Synonyms
CEACAM16 antibody; CEAL2Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 16 antibody; Carcinoembryonic antigen-like 2 antibody
Target Names
CEACAM16
Uniprot No.

Target Background

Function
CEACAM16 is essential for normal hearing. It plays a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of the tectorial membrane.
Gene References Into Functions
  1. Research findings demonstrate that CEACAM6 promotes cell proliferation mediated by cyclin D1/CDK4. PMID: 26497080
  2. Data indicate that a heterozygous missense mutation, c.505G>A (p.G169R) in exon 3 of the CEACAM16 gene (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 16) was identified in a family with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss. PMID: 25589040
  3. CEACAM16 is likely to form higher-order structures with other tectorial membrane proteins, such as alpha-tectorin and beta-tectorin, and influences the physical properties of the tectorial membrane. PMID: 22544735
  4. Studies have identified CEACAM16 as an alpha-tectorin-interacting protein that concentrates at the point of attachment of the tectorial membrane to the stereocilia. Mutations in CEACAM16 result in autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss at the DFNA4 locus. PMID: 21368133
Database Links

HGNC: 31948

OMIM: 614591

KEGG: hsa:388551

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000385576

UniGene: Hs.456381

Involvement In Disease
Deafness, autosomal dominant, 4B (DFNA4B)
Protein Families
Immunoglobulin superfamily, CEA family
Subcellular Location
Secreted.

Q&A

What is CEACAM16 and why is it important in hearing research?

CEACAM16 is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen family of adhesion proteins expressed in mammalian outer hair cells. It localizes to the tips of the tallest stereocilia and the tectorial membrane in the inner ear. This specific localization suggests CEACAM16 plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the tectorial membrane and the connection between outer hair cell stereocilia and the tectorial membrane, which is essential for mechanical amplification in the hearing process. Mutations in the CEACAM16 gene are associated with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL), specifically at the DFNA4 locus, emphasizing its significance in hearing research .

What applications are CEACAM16 antibodies commonly used for?

CEACAM16 antibodies are utilized in multiple research applications including:

  • Western Blotting (WB) for protein detection and quantification

  • Immunofluorescence on both cultured cells (IF-cc) and paraffin-embedded sections (IF-p)

  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for localizing the protein in tissue sections

  • Flow cytometry for detecting expression in specific cell populations

  • ELISA for quantitative protein detection in biological samples

These applications enable researchers to investigate CEACAM16 expression, localization, and function in various experimental contexts, particularly in inner ear and hearing research.

What is the significance of FITC conjugation for CEACAM16 antibodies?

FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) conjugation of CEACAM16 antibodies provides several methodological advantages for researchers:

  • Direct detection without secondary antibodies, reducing background and non-specific binding

  • Enables multiplexing with other fluorophore-conjugated antibodies for co-localization studies

  • Compatible with standard fluorescence microscopy equipment using blue excitation (488 nm)

  • Suitable for flow cytometry applications with minimal spectral overlap when used with appropriate filter sets

  • Allows for real-time visualization in certain applications

When working with FITC-conjugated antibodies, researchers should be mindful of potential photobleaching and should store antibodies protected from light to maintain fluorescence intensity .

What is the typical reactivity profile of CEACAM16 antibodies?

CEACAM16 antibodies demonstrate varied species reactivity profiles depending on the specific antibody clone and epitope. Based on available data, many CEACAM16 antibodies show reactivity with:

  • Human (primary research target)

  • Mouse (common model organism)

  • Rat (research model)

  • Other mammals including cow, pig, guinea pig, dog, horse, and rabbit

How can researchers validate the specificity of FITC-conjugated CEACAM16 antibodies?

Comprehensive validation of FITC-conjugated CEACAM16 antibodies should include:

  • Positive and negative control tissues: Compare inner ear tissues (positive) with tissues known not to express CEACAM16 such as peripheral blood monocytes or lymphocytes

  • Competitive inhibition assays: Pre-incubate antibody with excess purified CEACAM16 protein to block specific binding

  • Knockout/knockdown validation: Test antibody in CEACAM16 knockout models or siRNA-treated cells

  • Correlation with mRNA expression: Verify protein detection correlates with RT-qPCR results

  • Multiple antibody validation: Compare staining patterns with antibodies targeting different CEACAM16 epitopes

  • Western blot confirmation: Verify specificity by detection of the expected ~45.9 kDa band (may appear at ~53 kDa with glycosylation)

These validation steps are essential to avoid misinterpretation of results in complex experimental systems, particularly when investigating subtle changes in protein expression or localization.

What are the optimal experimental conditions for immunofluorescence detection of CEACAM16 using FITC-conjugated antibodies?

For optimal immunofluorescence results with FITC-conjugated CEACAM16 antibodies:

  • Fixation: 4% paraformaldehyde fixation for 15-20 minutes preserves CEACAM16 structure while maintaining fluorescent signal

  • Permeabilization: Gentle permeabilization with 0.1-0.3% Triton X-100 is recommended for intracellular detection

  • Blocking: Use 5-10% normal serum from the same species as the secondary antibody with 1% BSA to reduce background

  • Antibody concentration: Optimize antibody dilution (typically 1:50 to 1:500) based on signal-to-noise ratio

  • Incubation conditions: Overnight incubation at 4°C typically yields the best signal-to-noise ratio

  • Counterstaining: DAPI nuclear staining provides context without spectral overlap with FITC

  • Mounting: Use anti-fade mounting medium to minimize photobleaching

  • Controls: Include isotype controls at equivalent concentration and secondary-only controls

Based on published results, CEACAM16 proteins are primarily distributed in the cell cytoplasm without regional aggregation, consistent with its nature as a secreted protein .

How do mutations in CEACAM16 affect protein detection by antibodies?

Mutations in CEACAM16, particularly those associated with hearing loss, may impact antibody-based detection in several ways:

  • Epitope masking: Conformational changes may hide antibody binding sites

  • Altered expression levels: The p.Arg255Gly mutation has been shown to increase CEACAM16 protein expression compared to wild-type

  • Subcellular localization changes: While no differences in localization were observed with the p.Arg255Gly mutation, other mutations might affect protein trafficking

  • Post-translational modification differences: Mutations may alter glycosylation patterns, affecting apparent molecular weight

  • Protein stability changes: Some mutations might affect protein half-life, altering steady-state levels

Research indicates that certain mutations like p.Arg255Gly can significantly increase both intracellular and secreted CEACAM16 protein levels, which would be detectable as increased fluorescence intensity when using FITC-conjugated antibodies. This highlights the importance of quantitative analysis in immunofluorescence studies of CEACAM16 variants .

What methods can be used to quantify CEACAM16 protein levels using FITC-conjugated antibodies?

For accurate quantification of CEACAM16 using FITC-conjugated antibodies:

  • Flow cytometry:

    • Single-cell quantification of CEACAM16 expression

    • Use appropriate compensation controls for multicolor panels

    • Include quantification beads for standardization

  • Quantitative fluorescence microscopy:

    • Maintain consistent exposure settings between samples

    • Use internal reference standards

    • Apply background subtraction and thresholding consistently

    • Analyze multiple fields/regions for representative results

  • Microplate-based fluorescence:

    • Develop solid-phase assays using capture antibodies

    • Create standard curves with recombinant CEACAM16

    • Account for autofluorescence in tissue/cell samples

  • Western blot with in-gel fluorescence detection:

    • Run samples alongside concentration standards

    • Use software for densitometric analysis

    • Normalize to appropriate loading controls

Research demonstrates that ELISA-based methods can effectively detect differences in CEACAM16 levels between wild-type and mutant proteins. The p.Arg255Gly mutation showed significantly higher protein levels compared to wild-type CEACAM16 (p < 0.01), indicating the sensitivity of quantitative immunoassays for this protein .

How does CEACAM16 interact with other proteins in the tectorial membrane?

CEACAM16 has been shown to interact with α-tectorin, a key structural component of the tectorial membrane. This interaction has significant implications for experimental design:

  • Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirm physical interaction between CEACAM16 and α-tectorin

  • Immunofluorescence reveals co-localization of these proteins in the tectorial membrane

  • The interaction appears essential for maintaining structural integrity of the tectorial membrane

  • Disruption of this interaction may underlie the pathology of CEACAM16-associated hearing loss

When designing experiments to study CEACAM16, researchers should consider this interaction and how experimental conditions might affect protein-protein interactions. Co-immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting can confirm these interactions, while proximity ligation assays can visualize them in situ .

What are the experimental considerations for detecting CEACAM16 in cochlear tissues?

Detecting CEACAM16 in cochlear tissues presents unique challenges requiring specialized approaches:

  • Tissue processing:

    • Careful decalcification procedures must preserve protein epitopes

    • Cryosectioning often preserves antigenicity better than paraffin embedding

    • Section thickness (8-12 μm) is critical for good signal penetration

  • Fixation considerations:

    • Standard formaldehyde fixation may mask CEACAM16 epitopes

    • Acetone or methanol fixation may better preserve certain epitopes

    • Antigen retrieval methods should be optimized specifically for inner ear tissues

  • Detection sensitivity:

    • Signal amplification techniques (TSA) may be necessary for low abundance detection

    • FITC-conjugated primary antibodies provide direct detection with reduced background

    • Consider confocal microscopy for precise localization studies

  • Anatomical reference:

    • Co-staining with structural markers helps identify specific cochlear regions

    • Include developmental time-points as CEACAM16 expression is temporally regulated

When analyzing cochlear tissues, researchers should be aware that CEACAM16 localizes specifically to the tips of the tallest stereocilia and throughout the tectorial membrane, requiring high-resolution imaging techniques for accurate detection and localization .

How can researchers distinguish between normal and mutant forms of CEACAM16?

Distinguishing normal and mutant CEACAM16 requires specialized experimental approaches:

  • Epitope-specific antibodies:

    • Antibodies targeting mutation-specific epitopes can directly distinguish variants

    • For common mutations like p.Arg255Gly, custom antibodies may be developed

  • Functional assays:

    • Secretion assays comparing wild-type and mutant protein levels

    • Western blot analysis showing altered mobility or expression levels

    • Immunofluorescence revealing differences in localization patterns

  • Expression analysis:

    • RT-qPCR to quantify mRNA expression differences

    • ELISA to measure protein concentration differences in culture media

    • Flow cytometry to assess cellular protein level differences

  • Protein-protein interaction studies:

    • Co-immunoprecipitation to assess altered binding to α-tectorin

    • Surface plasmon resonance to measure binding kinetic differences

Research has demonstrated that the p.Arg255Gly mutation results in significantly higher protein expression both intracellularly and in secreted form compared to wild-type CEACAM16. This mutation does not appear to alter subcellular localization but does increase protein levels, which can be detected and quantified using antibody-based methods .

What are the technical considerations for multiplexing FITC-conjugated CEACAM16 antibodies with other fluorescent probes?

For successful multiplexing of FITC-conjugated CEACAM16 antibodies with other fluorophores:

  • Spectral considerations:

    • FITC emission (peak ~520 nm) overlaps with PE, thus careful compensation is required

    • Optimal partners include APC (far-red) and Pacific Blue/BV421 (violet) fluorophores

    • Avoid tandem dyes that include FITC in their energy transfer pathway

  • Sequential staining approach:

    • Apply FITC-conjugated primary antibodies first, followed by other direct conjugates

    • For indirect detection of other targets, block remaining FITC antibody binding sites

  • Microscopy settings:

    • Use narrow bandpass filters to minimize spectral overlap

    • Sequential scanning in confocal microscopy reduces bleed-through

    • Consider spectral unmixing for closely overlapping fluorophores

  • Controls for multiplexing:

    • Single-stained controls for compensation calculation

    • Fluorescence-minus-one (FMO) controls to set gating boundaries

    • Isotype-matched controls for each fluorophore

For studying CEACAM16 in relation to other tectorial membrane proteins, researchers have successfully employed multiplexed approaches combining FITC-conjugated antibodies with longer-wavelength fluorophores to minimize spectral overlap while enabling co-localization analysis .

What are common challenges when working with FITC-conjugated CEACAM16 antibodies and how can they be addressed?

ChallengePossible CausesSolutions
Weak signalLow expression of target protein, photobleaching, suboptimal antibody concentrationIncrease antibody concentration, use anti-fade mounting media, employ signal amplification techniques, optimize fixation methods
High backgroundNon-specific binding, autofluorescence, insufficient blockingIncrease blocking time/concentration, add 0.1-0.3% Triton X-100 to blocking buffer, include species-matched serum, use Sudan Black B to reduce tissue autofluorescence
Non-specific bindingCross-reactivity with related CEACAM family proteinsPre-adsorb antibody with related proteins, validate with knockout controls, use monoclonal antibodies with confirmed specificity
Inconsistent resultsLot-to-lot antibody variation, inconsistent sample preparationUse the same antibody lot for comparable experiments, standardize all protocols, include positive control samples
Signal variability in tissue sectionsRegional differences in protein expression, fixation artifactsUse consistent anatomical landmarks, standardize fixation times, process control and experimental samples simultaneously

When investigating CEACAM16 in cochlear tissues, researchers should be particularly attentive to fixation methods, as over-fixation can mask epitopes while under-fixation may compromise tissue morphology .

For Western Blotting:

  • Optimize protein extraction using buffers containing 1% NP-40 or Triton X-100

  • Include protease inhibitors to prevent degradation

  • Use 7.5-10% gels for optimal resolution of the ~45-53 kDa CEACAM16 protein

  • Transfer at lower voltage overnight for complete transfer of glycosylated proteins

  • Block with 5% non-fat milk or BSA in TBST for 1-2 hours at room temperature

For Immunofluorescence:

  • Test multiple fixatives (4% PFA, methanol, or acetone) to determine optimal epitope preservation

  • For inner ear tissues, extend permeabilization time to ensure antibody penetration

  • Include 0.1% BSA in wash buffers to reduce non-specific binding

  • Incubate with primary antibody at 4°C overnight for best signal-to-noise ratio

  • Mount with anti-fade medium containing DAPI for nuclear counterstaining

For Flow Cytometry:

  • Optimize cell permeabilization if detecting intracellular CEACAM16

  • Include viability dye to exclude dead cells, which can bind antibodies non-specifically

  • Titrate antibody concentration using positive control samples

  • Include 2% normal mouse serum to block Fc receptors

  • Set PMT voltages using unstained and single-stained controls

These application-specific optimizations enhance detection sensitivity while minimizing background and non-specific binding, crucial for studying CEACAM16 in complex biological systems .

What advanced techniques can be used to study CEACAM16 dynamics and interactions?

For investigating CEACAM16 dynamics and protein-protein interactions, researchers can employ:

  • Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP):

    • Monitors protein mobility in live cells expressing CEACAM16-GFP fusion proteins

    • FITC-antibody fragments can be used for pulse-chase studies in certain systems

    • Reveals secretion dynamics and potential membrane associations

  • Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET):

    • Pair FITC-conjugated CEACAM16 antibodies with acceptor fluorophore-labeled α-tectorin antibodies

    • Detects direct protein-protein interactions within 10 nm

    • Useful for confirming structural associations in the tectorial membrane

  • Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA):

    • Detects protein interactions with greater sensitivity than conventional co-localization

    • Can be used to map CEACAM16 interaction networks in cochlear tissues

    • Amplifies signal only when target proteins are within 40 nm proximity

  • Super-resolution microscopy techniques:

    • STED, STORM, or PALM imaging overcomes diffraction limit for nanoscale localization

    • Reveals precise distribution of CEACAM16 within stereocilia and tectorial membrane

    • Required for detailed co-localization with structural proteins at molecular scale

These advanced techniques provide deeper insights into CEACAM16 function beyond simple localization, helping elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its role in hearing and the pathophysiology of associated hearing loss .

How can researchers differentiate between CEACAM16 and other CEACAM family members?

Differentiating CEACAM16 from other family members requires careful consideration of:

  • Antibody epitope selection:

    • Target unique regions (amino acids 201-300 or 323-414) that differ from other CEACAM proteins

    • Avoid antibodies targeting conserved domains shared across the family

    • Validate specificity using recombinant proteins representing multiple family members

  • Expression pattern analysis:

    • CEACAM16 is predominantly expressed in cochlear outer hair cells

    • Unlike CEACAM8 (CD66b), CEACAM16 is not expressed by peripheral blood granulocytes

    • Tissue-specific expression provides a control for antibody specificity

  • Molecular weight discrimination:

    • Human CEACAM16 has a theoretical mass of 45.9 kDa, appearing at ~53 kDa with glycosylation

    • Compare with known molecular weights of other CEACAM proteins (CEACAM8: 95-100 kDa)

    • Use gradient gels for optimal separation of different family members

  • Cross-validation approaches:

    • Confirm results with multiple antibodies targeting different CEACAM16 epitopes

    • Correlate protein detection with mRNA expression by RT-qPCR using gene-specific primers

    • Use gene silencing or knockout models to verify antibody specificity

These strategies are essential when studying CEACAM proteins in complex systems where multiple family members may be expressed, ensuring specific detection of CEACAM16 without cross-reactivity artifacts .

How can FITC-conjugated CEACAM16 antibodies be applied in hearing loss research?

FITC-conjugated CEACAM16 antibodies offer valuable applications for hearing loss research:

  • Genotype-phenotype correlation studies:

    • Compare CEACAM16 expression and localization across various mutation types

    • Correlate protein expression patterns with audiometric findings

    • Track age-related changes in protein expression in models of progressive hearing loss

  • Therapeutic development screening:

    • Evaluate compounds that might stabilize mutant CEACAM16 structure

    • Screen for agents that modulate protein-protein interactions with α-tectorin

    • Assess gene therapy approaches targeting CEACAM16 expression

  • Diagnostic applications:

    • Develop molecular phenotyping of cochlear explants from patients

    • Create screening assays for CEACAM16 functionality

    • Establish biomarkers for early detection of ADNSHL

  • Developmental studies:

    • Map temporal expression during inner ear development

    • Identify critical periods for CEACAM16 function in hearing development

    • Investigate regenerative approaches for hearing restoration

These research applications build on findings that mutations in CEACAM16 are associated with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss (DFNA4B) and autosomal recessive hearing loss (DFNB113), highlighting the protein's critical role in normal hearing function .

What are the emerging techniques for quantitative analysis of CEACAM16 using fluorescent antibodies?

Emerging techniques for quantitative analysis of CEACAM16 include:

  • Quantitative image cytometry:

    • High-content screening platforms for automated analysis of fluorescence intensity

    • Machine learning algorithms for pattern recognition in complex tissues

    • Tissue cytometry for single-cell quantification within intact cochlear sections

  • Spatial transcriptomics integration:

    • Correlating protein detection with mRNA expression in situ

    • Combined fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with immunofluorescence

    • Spatial resolution of CEACAM16 expression in relation to functional hearing zones

  • Digital pathology approaches:

    • Whole-slide imaging with automated quantification

    • Multi-spectral analysis for distinguishing FITC signal from autofluorescence

    • 3D reconstruction of protein distribution through confocal z-stacks

  • Nanoscale quantification methods:

    • Single-molecule detection using quantum dots

    • DNA-PAINT for quantitative super-resolution imaging

    • Correlative light and electron microscopy for ultrastructural context

These technologies enable more precise quantification of CEACAM16 expression changes in experimental models and patient samples, facilitating mechanistic studies of hearing loss progression and potential therapeutic interventions .

What experimental models are optimal for studying CEACAM16 function using antibody-based approaches?

Experimental ModelAdvantagesLimitationsOptimal Applications
Mouse knockout modelsComplete gene deletion, well-characterized auditory system, genetic manipulation optionsSpecies differences in hearing range, cochlear access challengesPhenotype characterization, development studies, in vivo function
Cochlear explant culturesMaintains tissue architecture, allows manipulation and live imaging, accessible for antibody applicationShort-term viability, technical challenges in preparationProtein localization, trafficking studies, acute interventions
Cell line transfection systems (HEK293T)Easy genetic manipulation, high transfection efficiency, biochemical assaysNon-native cellular environment, lacks cochlear contextProtein-protein interactions, mutation analysis, secretion studies
Inner ear organoids3D structure, human cell options, developmental processesIncomplete maturation, variability between preparationsDevelopmental studies, patient-specific disease modeling
Zebrafish lateral lineOptical transparency, rapid development, genetic manipulationEvolutionary distance from mammalsHigh-throughput screening, live imaging of hair cell function

Research has demonstrated that HEK293T cells transfected with wild-type or mutant CEACAM16 provide a valuable system for investigating protein secretion, localization, and expression levels. This system has successfully revealed that the p.Arg255Gly mutation increases both intracellular and secreted CEACAM16 levels compared to wild-type, providing insights into potential disease mechanisms .

How might CEACAM16 antibodies contribute to therapeutic approaches for hearing loss?

CEACAM16 antibodies could advance therapeutic approaches for hearing loss through:

  • Targeted drug delivery systems:

    • Antibody-drug conjugates specifically targeting the tectorial membrane

    • Nanoparticle carriers functionalized with CEACAM16-targeting fragments

    • Development of bispecific antibodies targeting both CEACAM16 and therapeutic targets

  • Diagnostic companion applications:

    • Patient stratification for clinical trials based on CEACAM16 expression patterns

    • Monitoring treatment efficacy through protein expression changes

    • Early detection of tectorial membrane integrity compromise

  • Therapeutic screening platforms:

    • High-content screening using FITC-conjugated antibodies to assess compound effects

    • Functional recovery assessment in ex vivo cochlear models

    • Evaluation of gene therapy approaches targeting CEACAM16 expression

  • Precision medicine approaches:

    • Antibody-based assays to determine mutation-specific therapeutic strategies

    • Monitoring of protein misfolding correction therapies

    • Assessment of protein replacement therapy efficacy

While therapeutic applications remain experimental, the fundamental understanding of CEACAM16's role in hearing provides a foundation for developing targeted interventions for CEACAM16-associated hearing loss, particularly for autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness at the DFNA4 locus and autosomal recessive hearing loss at the DFNB113 locus .

Quick Inquiry

Personal Email Detected
Please use an institutional or corporate email address for inquiries. Personal email accounts ( such as Gmail, Yahoo, and Outlook) are not accepted. *
© Copyright 2025 TheBiotek. All Rights Reserved.