COX8A Antibody

What is COX8A and why is it important in research?

COX8A (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A) is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport. This protein has a calculated molecular weight of 8 kDa and is encoded by the COX8A gene (Gene ID: 1351) . The importance of COX8A in research stems from its fundamental role in mitochondrial function and cellular respiration. As part of the cytochrome c oxidase complex, it contributes to ATP production and cellular energy metabolism. Research into COX8A can provide insights into mitochondrial disorders, metabolic diseases, and conditions associated with impaired cellular respiration .

What applications are COX8A antibodies most commonly used for?

COX8A antibodies are primarily used in several key applications:

• Western Blotting (WB): Typically used at dilutions of 1:1000-1:4000 for detecting COX8A protein in tissue lysates

• Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Used at dilutions of 1:20-1:200 for tissue sections

• Immunofluorescence (IF): Used for cellular localization studies

• ELISA: Used at approximately 1 μg/ml for quantitative analysis

These applications enable researchers to investigate COX8A expression, localization, and interactions across various experimental contexts .

What species reactivity can I expect from commercially available COX8A antibodies?

Most commercially available COX8A antibodies show confirmed reactivity with:

These antibodies have been specifically tested and validated in these species, with documented evidence of successful application in research publications . When planning experiments with other species, cross-reactivity testing is recommended as part of preliminary validation studies.

What is the standard storage protocol for COX8A antibodies to maintain optimal activity?

For optimal preservation of COX8A antibody activity, follow these storage guidelines:

• Store at -20°C in the buffer provided (typically PBS with 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol at pH 7.3)

• Antibodies are generally stable for at least one year when stored properly

• Aliquoting is recommended for antibodies provided without glycerol to prevent freeze-thaw damage, though it is unnecessary for antibodies already formulated with 50% glycerol

• Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles as they can degrade antibody performance

Proper storage ensures maintained specificity and sensitivity for experimental applications over extended periods.

How should I optimize Western blot protocols for COX8A detection?

Optimizing Western blot protocols for COX8A detection requires careful consideration of several factors:

• Sample Preparation:

  • For optimal results, use skeletal muscle tissue (human or mouse) as positive controls, which show high expression of COX8A

  • Include appropriate loading controls for mitochondrial proteins (e.g., VDAC or ATP5A)

• Protein Loading and Transfer:

  • Use 10-20 μg of total protein per lane

  • Since COX8A is a small protein (8 kDa), use higher percentage gels (15-20%) for better resolution

  • Transfer to PVDF membranes at lower voltage for extended time to ensure efficient transfer of small proteins

• Antibody Dilution and Incubation:

  • Start with a 1:2000 dilution for Western blotting

  • Optimize by testing a range between 1:1000-1:4000

  • Incubate primary antibody overnight at 4°C for optimal signal-to-noise ratio

• Detection System:

  • Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) systems work well for COX8A detection

  • For low expression samples, consider using more sensitive detection systems like ECL Plus or femto-ECL substrates

These optimization steps will help ensure specific and sensitive detection of COX8A protein in your samples.

What are the critical factors for successful immunohistochemical staining of COX8A?

Successful immunohistochemical staining of COX8A depends on several critical factors:

• Tissue Processing and Fixation:

  • Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues show good results

  • Fresh frozen sections may provide better epitope preservation

• Antigen Retrieval:

  • Use TE buffer pH 9.0 for optimal antigen retrieval (primary recommendation)

  • Alternatively, citrate buffer pH 6.0 can be used if TE buffer doesn't yield satisfactory results

  • Heat-induced epitope retrieval (pressure cooker or microwave methods) enhances staining quality

• Blocking and Antibody Dilution:

  • Start with 1:100 dilution for initial testing

  • Titrate between 1:20-1:200 to determine optimal concentration for your specific tissue type

  • Use appropriate blocking reagents (5% normal serum from the same species as the secondary antibody)

• Controls:

  • Heart tissue (human and rat) serves as an excellent positive control

  • Human hepatocirrhosis tissue also shows positive COX8A staining

• Detection Systems:

  • HRP-polymer based detection systems provide good signal amplification with low background

  • DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine) substrate produces a stable brown signal well-suited for COX8A visualization

Following these guidelines will help achieve specific and consistent COX8A staining in tissue sections.

How can I validate the specificity of a COX8A antibody for my experimental system?

Validating the specificity of a COX8A antibody is crucial for reliable experimental results. A comprehensive validation approach includes:

• Positive and Negative Controls:

  • Use tissues known to express COX8A (skeletal muscle, heart) as positive controls

  • Include tissues with minimal COX8A expression as negative controls

  • Consider using COX8A knockout or knockdown models when available

• Molecular Weight Verification:

  • Confirm that the detected band appears at the expected molecular weight (8 kDa)

  • Be aware that post-translational modifications may cause slight shifts in apparent molecular weight

• Multiple Detection Methods:

  • Compare results across different applications (WB, IHC, IF)

  • Consistent patterns across different methods strengthen confidence in antibody specificity

• Peptide Competition Assay:

  • Pre-incubate the antibody with its immunizing peptide

  • Specific signals should be abolished or significantly reduced

• Cross-Reactivity Assessment:

  • Test the antibody in species it claims to detect (human, mouse, rat)

  • Evaluate potential cross-reactivity with related proteins (e.g., other COX subunits)

• Reproducibility Testing:

  • Perform replicate experiments under identical conditions

  • Compare results with published literature using the same antibody

These validation steps will provide comprehensive evidence for antibody specificity and reliability in your experimental system.

How can COX8A antibodies be employed in studying mitochondrial disorders?

COX8A antibodies serve as valuable tools in investigating mitochondrial disorders through several sophisticated approaches:

• Comparative Expression Analysis:

  • Quantify COX8A levels in affected versus healthy tissues using Western blotting

  • Correlate expression changes with disease severity or progression

  • Compare COX8A expression with other respiratory chain components to identify specific defects

• Structural Analysis of Respiratory Complexes:

  • Use COX8A antibodies in blue native PAGE to assess complex IV assembly

  • Combine with antibodies against other cytochrome c oxidase subunits to evaluate stoichiometry

  • Implement immunoprecipitation to isolate intact complexes for further analysis

• Tissue-Specific Pathology:

  • Apply immunohistochemistry to identify tissues with altered COX8A expression or localization

  • Use dual-labeling techniques to examine co-localization with mitochondrial markers

  • Quantify mitochondrial density and distribution patterns in disease models

• Functional Correlation Studies:

  • Pair antibody-based detection with functional assays (oxygen consumption, ATP production)

  • Correlate COX8A expression levels with cytochrome c oxidase enzymatic activity

  • Investigate compensatory mechanisms in response to COX8A alterations

• Therapeutic Response Monitoring:

  • Track changes in COX8A expression during treatment interventions

  • Use as a biomarker for mitochondrial response to therapies

Recent research has used COX8A antibodies to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction in various conditions, including cardiac pressure overload models, which revealed stage-dependent mitochondrial changes in diseased ventricles .

What approaches can be used to investigate COX8A post-translational modifications?

Investigating COX8A post-translational modifications (PTMs) requires specialized techniques that can be implemented using available antibodies:

• Modification-Specific Detection:

  • Use antibodies that specifically recognize modified forms of COX8A (when available)

  • Employ 2D gel electrophoresis to separate modified variants based on charge differences

  • Apply mass spectrometry following immunoprecipitation to identify specific modifications

• PTM Enrichment Strategies:

  • Phosphorylation: Use phospho-enrichment techniques (TiO₂, IMAC) before antibody detection

  • Glycosylation: Apply lectin affinity techniques to isolate glycosylated proteins

  • Ubiquitination: Use tandem ubiquitin binding entities (TUBEs) followed by COX8A antibody detection

• Functional Impact Assessment:

  • Correlate PTM patterns with COX8A activity or complex assembly

  • Investigate how modifications affect protein-protein interactions within the respiratory complex

  • Study how modifications change in response to cellular stress or disease conditions

• Site-Directed Mutagenesis Validation:

  • Create mutants at potential modification sites

  • Compare antibody reactivity between wild-type and mutant proteins

  • Assess functional consequences of preventing specific modifications

Recent research has identified O-GlcNAcylation as an important PTM affecting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, highlighting the relevance of studying such modifications in COX8A and related proteins . Additionally, MALDI-MS tissue imaging has been used alongside immunological techniques to identify protein modifications in disease states .

How can I use COX8A antibodies in proximity ligation assays to study protein-protein interactions?

Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) offers a powerful approach to study COX8A interactions within the mitochondrial respiratory complexes:

• Experimental Design for PLA with COX8A:

  • Pair COX8A antibody with antibodies against potential interaction partners

  • Ensure antibodies are from different host species (e.g., rabbit anti-COX8A with mouse anti-partner protein)

  • Fix and permeabilize cells to allow antibody access to mitochondrial proteins

• Optimization Parameters:

  • Antibody dilutions: Start with 1:100 for COX8A antibody and titrate as needed

  • Fixation method: Test both paraformaldehyde and methanol fixation

  • Permeabilization: Use 0.1-0.5% Triton X-100 or 0.01-0.05% saponin for mitochondrial access

• Controls and Validation:

  • Positive control: Use antibodies against known interaction partners in complex IV

  • Negative control: Omit one primary antibody

  • Specificity control: Use cells with COX8A knockdown

• Advanced Applications:

  • Quantitative PLA: Count interaction spots per cell to measure interaction strength

  • Multiplexed PLA: Combine with immunofluorescence to correlate interactions with cellular structures

  • Temporal analysis: Track interaction dynamics during mitochondrial stress or disease progression

• Data Analysis:

  • Use appropriate image analysis software to quantify PLA signals

  • Normalize signals to mitochondrial mass or content

  • Perform statistical analysis to validate significance of interactions

This technique has been valuable in understanding protein interactions in mitochondrial complexes and can provide spatial resolution not achievable with co-immunoprecipitation approaches.

What are common problems when using COX8A antibodies and how can they be resolved?

Researchers commonly encounter several issues when working with COX8A antibodies. Here are the problems and their solutions:

• Weak or No Signal in Western Blot:

  • Problem: COX8A is a small protein (8 kDa) that may transfer poorly or run off standard gels

  • Solution: Use high percentage gels (15-20%), optimize transfer conditions for small proteins, and consider using PVDF membranes instead of nitrocellulose

  • Problem: Insufficient protein loading

  • Solution: Increase protein loading to 20-30 μg for tissues with lower expression; use skeletal muscle or heart tissue as positive controls

• Multiple Bands or Non-specific Binding:

  • Problem: Cross-reactivity with other proteins

  • Solution: Increase antibody dilution (1:2000-1:4000), optimize blocking conditions, and use more stringent washing steps

  • Problem: Sample degradation

  • Solution: Add protease inhibitors during sample preparation and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles

• High Background in Immunohistochemistry:

  • Problem: Insufficient blocking or high antibody concentration

  • Solution: Extend blocking time, use higher dilution of antibody (1:50-1:200), and optimize antigen retrieval (try both TE buffer pH 9.0 and citrate buffer pH 6.0)

  • Problem: Endogenous peroxidase activity

  • Solution: Ensure complete quenching of endogenous peroxidases with H₂O₂ before antibody incubation

• Inconsistent Results Between Experiments:

  • Problem: Variability in antibody performance across lots

  • Solution: Validate each new lot against previous results, maintain consistent experimental conditions, and consider using standardized positive controls

  • Problem: Unstable antibody due to improper storage

  • Solution: Store at -20°C in aliquots to prevent freeze-thaw cycles, and use glycerol-containing storage buffer

• Poor Cellular Localization in Immunofluorescence:

  • Problem: Inadequate permeabilization for mitochondrial access

  • Solution: Optimize permeabilization conditions using different detergents and concentrations

  • Problem: Epitope masking due to fixation

  • Solution: Compare different fixation methods (paraformaldehyde, methanol, or acetone)

Implementing these solutions will help overcome common technical challenges when working with COX8A antibodies.

How should I interpret unexpected molecular weight variations when detecting COX8A?

Interpreting unexpected molecular weight variations of COX8A requires careful analysis of several potential factors:

• Post-translational Modifications:

  • Observation: Bands appearing slightly higher than the expected 8 kDa

  • Interpretation: May indicate phosphorylation, glycosylation, or other modifications

  • Validation: Treat samples with appropriate enzymes (phosphatases, glycosidases) to confirm modification type

• Protein Processing:

  • Observation: Multiple bands or bands at unexpected sizes

  • Interpretation: COX8A contains a transit peptide of 25 amino acids that is cleaved during mitochondrial import

  • Validation: Compare band patterns between cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions to identify processing intermediates

• Protein Complexes:

  • Observation: High molecular weight bands that resist standard denaturation

  • Interpretation: May represent stable complexes containing COX8A

  • Validation: Use more stringent denaturation conditions or crosslinking studies to confirm complex formation

• Isoforms and Splice Variants:

  • Observation: Consistent multiple bands across samples

  • Interpretation: May represent alternative splicing or related isoforms (e.g., COX8A has related isoforms in the cytochrome c oxidase VIII family)

  • Validation: Use isoform-specific primers in RT-PCR to confirm expression of variants

• Antibody Cross-reactivity:

  • Observation: Bands at sizes inconsistent with COX8A or its modifications

  • Interpretation: May represent cross-reactivity with related proteins

  • Validation: Peptide competition assays or comparison with other COX8A antibodies recognizing different epitopes

Understanding these factors is crucial for accurate data interpretation, especially in disease models where protein processing or modification may be altered.

How can I address potential antibody cross-reactivity issues in my COX8A studies?

Addressing antibody cross-reactivity issues is crucial for obtaining reliable results in COX8A studies:

• Epitope Analysis:

  • Review the immunogen information provided by manufacturers (e.g., COX8A fusion protein Ag2885)

  • Perform sequence alignment of the immunogen against related proteins to identify potential cross-reactivity

  • Consider antibodies raised against different epitopes when cross-reactivity is suspected

• Validation Through Multiple Approaches:

  • Compare results from antibodies from different suppliers or clones

  • Use orthogonal methods (e.g., mass spectrometry) to confirm protein identity

  • Implement genetic approaches (siRNA knockdown, CRISPR knockout) to validate specificity

• Specificity Testing:

  • Perform peptide competition assays with the immunizing peptide

  • Test the antibody in tissues known to lack COX8A expression

  • Compare reactivity patterns across multiple species (human, mouse, rat) to identify inconsistencies

• Technical Optimization:

  • Increase antibody dilution to reduce non-specific binding (1:2000-1:4000 for WB, 1:100-1:200 for IHC)

  • Optimize blocking conditions (consider different blocking agents like BSA, non-fat milk, or commercial blockers)

  • Increase washing stringency (longer washes, higher salt concentration, addition of detergents)

• Data Interpretation With Cross-reactivity in Mind:

  • Be cautious when interpreting novel findings that contradict established COX8A expression patterns

  • Consider the possibility of detecting related proteins (e.g., other COX subunits)

  • Acknowledge potential cross-reactivity limitations in research publications

Recent studies have highlighted that antibody cross-reactivity can lead to misinterpretation of results, emphasizing the importance of rigorous validation strategies . Implementing these approaches will help ensure that findings attributed to COX8A are indeed specific to this protein.

How has COX8A antibody contributed to recent discoveries in mitochondrial disease research?

COX8A antibodies have facilitated several important discoveries in mitochondrial disease research:

• Cardiac Pressure Overload Studies:
  Recent research has used COX8A antibodies to investigate stage-dependent mitochondrial changes in response to pressure overload between diseased right and left ventricles in rat models. These studies revealed differential expression patterns of COX8A that correlate with disease progression and severity, providing insights into cardiac mitochondrial adaptations during heart failure .

• Metabolic Disease Investigations:
  COX8A antibodies have been employed to study lactational high weight loss effects on follicular development in reproductive biology. The research demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian cells contributes to impaired follicular development, with COX8A serving as a key marker for assessing mitochondrial integrity. The studies also identified butyrate supplementation as a potential mitigating intervention .

• Cancer Metabolism Research:
  In hepatocellular carcinoma research, COX8A antibodies have helped reveal how post-translational modifications, particularly O-GlcNAcylation on proteins like Rab3A, affect mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and metastasis. These findings connect mitochondrial function to cancer progression mechanisms .

• Biomarker Development:
  MALDI-MS tissue imaging studies have integrated antibody-based techniques to identify biliverdin reductase B overexpression in prostate cancer, establishing methodologies where COX8A and other mitochondrial proteins serve as comparative markers for metabolic alterations in cancer tissues .

• Therapeutic Target Identification:
  A FRET-based respirasome assembly screen identified spleen tyrosine kinase as a potential target to improve muscle mitochondrial respiration and exercise performance in mice. COX8A antibodies were instrumental in validating the assembly and function of respiratory complexes in these studies .

These applications demonstrate how COX8A antibodies have evolved from basic research tools to essential reagents for understanding disease mechanisms and identifying therapeutic targets.

What role does COX8A play in exercise physiology and how have antibodies helped elucidate this?

COX8A plays a significant role in exercise physiology, with antibody-based studies revealing several key aspects:

• Mitochondrial Adaptation to Exercise:
  Research using COX8A antibodies has demonstrated that this protein's expression changes in response to exercise training, reflecting mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced oxidative capacity. Western blot analyses comparing sedentary and trained muscle tissues show quantifiable differences in COX8A levels that correlate with improved respiratory function .

• Muscle Fiber Type Specificity:
  Immunohistochemical studies using COX8A antibodies have revealed fiber type-specific expression patterns, with higher levels typically found in type I (slow-twitch, oxidative) muscle fibers compared to type II (fast-twitch, glycolytic) fibers. This distribution pattern helps explain the differential oxidative capacity across muscle fiber types .

• Respirasome Assembly and Function:
  A groundbreaking FRET-based respirasome assembly screen identified spleen tyrosine kinase as a target to improve muscle mitochondrial respiration and exercise performance in mice. COX8A antibodies were crucial in these studies for monitoring respiratory complex assembly and stability under different experimental conditions .

• Exercise Intolerance Mechanisms:
  In models of exercise intolerance, COX8A antibodies have helped identify structural and functional abnormalities in mitochondrial complexes. These findings have contributed to understanding how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to reduced exercise capacity in various pathological conditions .

• Training-Induced Adaptations:
  Comparative studies between untrained and endurance-trained subjects have used COX8A antibodies to quantify mitochondrial content and function, providing molecular evidence for the adaptive responses that enhance oxygen utilization and energy production with regular exercise.

These discoveries highlight the utility of COX8A antibodies in exercise physiology research, bridging molecular biology and physiological performance measures to deepen our understanding of how mitochondrial adaptations contribute to exercise capacity.

How can COX8A antibodies be used in multiplexed imaging protocols for mitochondrial research?

COX8A antibodies can be effectively integrated into multiplexed imaging protocols for comprehensive mitochondrial research:

• Multi-epitope Mitochondrial Imaging:

  • Combine COX8A antibodies with antibodies against other respiratory chain components

  • Use differentially labeled secondary antibodies (with distinct fluorophores)

  • Implement spectral unmixing for closely overlapping emission spectra

  • This approach enables simultaneous visualization of multiple respiratory complex components to assess their spatial relationships and relative abundance

• Organelle Interaction Studies:

  • Pair COX8A antibodies with markers for other organelles (ER, lysosomes, peroxisomes)

  • Apply proximity analysis algorithms to quantify inter-organelle contacts

  • Combine with live-cell imaging of mitochondrial dynamics followed by fixed-cell immunofluorescence

  • These techniques reveal how mitochondria interact with other cellular compartments in various physiological and pathological states

• Quantitative Super-resolution Microscopy:

  • Use COX8A antibodies in STORM, PALM, or STED microscopy

  • Apply DNA-PAINT or Exchange-PAINT for multiplexed super-resolution imaging

  • Develop image analysis pipelines for nanoscale distribution patterns

  • This approach provides unprecedented resolution of mitochondrial ultrastructure and protein organization beyond the diffraction limit

• Tissue-level Heterogeneity Analysis:

  • Apply COX8A antibodies in multiplexed IHC or immunofluorescence of tissue sections

  • Use cyclic immunofluorescence (CycIF) or multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI)

  • Implement machine learning algorithms for pattern recognition and classification

  • These methods reveal tissue-specific and cell-type-specific variations in mitochondrial content and composition

• Functional-Structural Correlations:

  • Combine COX8A immunostaining with functional probes (membrane potential, ROS, calcium indicators)

  • Use multimodal imaging platforms that integrate functional and structural data

  • Apply correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) for ultrastructural context

  • This integrated approach connects mitochondrial protein composition to functional outcomes at multiple scales

Implementation of these multiplexed imaging approaches using COX8A antibodies enables comprehensive characterization of mitochondrial structure, function, and dynamics in complex biological systems.

What future directions are emerging for COX8A antibody applications in research?

The future of COX8A antibody applications in research is evolving toward several promising directions:

• Integration with Single-cell Technologies:
  Combining COX8A antibody-based detection with single-cell sequencing and proteomics will enable unprecedented analysis of mitochondrial heterogeneity at the individual cell level. This integration will reveal how mitochondrial composition varies across cell populations and how this heterogeneity contributes to tissue function and disease states .

• Advanced Spatial Biology Applications:
  Emerging spatial proteomics techniques will incorporate COX8A antibodies into multiplexed imaging platforms that provide spatial context for mitochondrial proteins. These approaches will map the distribution and co-localization patterns of respiratory complex components in tissues, offering insights into region-specific mitochondrial specialization .

• In vivo Imaging Developments:
  The development of COX8A antibody fragments and alternatives (nanobodies, affimers) compatible with in vivo imaging will enable real-time tracking of mitochondrial dynamics in living organisms. These tools will bridge the gap between molecular mechanisms and physiological outcomes in intact biological systems.

• Therapeutic Monitoring Applications:
  COX8A antibodies will increasingly serve as tools for monitoring mitochondrial responses to emerging therapeutics targeting respiratory function. Their application in precision medicine approaches will help stratify patients and predict treatment responses based on mitochondrial phenotypes .

• Artificial Intelligence Integration:
  The combination of COX8A antibody-based imaging with artificial intelligence and machine learning will enhance the extraction of complex patterns from mitochondrial data. These computational approaches will uncover subtle mitochondrial abnormalities that may serve as early disease indicators before clinical manifestations appear.

These emerging directions highlight the continuing evolution of COX8A antibodies from basic research tools to sophisticated reagents for addressing complex biological questions and clinical challenges.

What quality control measures should researchers implement when using COX8A antibodies across different experimental systems?

Implementing robust quality control measures is essential when using COX8A antibodies across different experimental systems:

Implementing these quality control measures will enhance data reliability and reproducibility when using COX8A antibodies across different experimental systems and research applications.

How will advances in antibody technology impact future COX8A research?

Advances in antibody technology are poised to significantly impact future COX8A research in several key ways:

• Recombinant Antibody Development:
  The shift toward recombinant antibody technology will produce COX8A antibodies with exceptional batch-to-batch consistency. Unlike traditional polyclonal antibodies that show variation between lots, recombinant antibodies are generated from defined sequences, ensuring reproducible performance across studies and laboratories. This consistency will address one of the major challenges in current mitochondrial research .

• Single-domain Antibodies and Fragments:
  The development of nanobodies, single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), and Fab fragments against COX8A will enable applications not possible with conventional antibodies. These smaller binding molecules can access restricted epitopes within mitochondrial complexes and penetrate samples more effectively. Their reduced size also makes them ideal for super-resolution microscopy, where the distance between fluorophore and target impacts resolution.

• Intracellular Antibody Delivery Systems:
  Advanced delivery methods will enable live-cell applications of COX8A antibodies. Cell-penetrating peptides, lipid nanoparticles, and genetic encoding of intrabodies will allow researchers to track COX8A dynamics in living cells without fixation artifacts. This capability will transform our understanding of mitochondrial adaptations to changing cellular conditions.

• Multispecific Antibody Formats:
  Bispecific and multispecific antibodies targeting COX8A along with other mitochondrial proteins will enable sophisticated detection of protein complexes and proximities. These reagents will provide new insights into the assembly and regulation of respiratory complexes under normal and pathological conditions.

• Integration with Emerging Analytical Platforms:
  COX8A antibodies will be increasingly incorporated into high-throughput and high-content analytical platforms. Adaptation for use in CyTOF, multiplexed IHC/IF systems, and spatial proteomics will generate multidimensional datasets that capture both the abundance and spatial context of COX8A in complex biological systems .