CYTC-1 Antibody
Description
Research Applications
CYTC-1 antibodies are used across diverse experimental contexts:
Key Applications
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Western Blotting: Detects CytC-1 in mitochondrial extracts (dilution 1:5,000–1:50,000) .
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Immunolocalization: Visualizes mitochondrial-nuclear translocation during stress .
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Programmed Cell Death (PCD) Studies: Monitors CytC-1 release in plant apoptosis .
Validation Data
| Application | Sample Types | Observed Results |
|---|---|---|
| Western Blot | Arabidopsis leaf extracts | Clear band at ~12 kDa |
| Immunohistochemistry | Zea mays root tissues | Mitochondrial and nuclear staining |
Specificity and Cross-Reactivity
CYTC-1 antibodies exhibit high specificity:
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Distinguishes Isoforms: Does not cross-react with CytC-2 (AT4G10040) .
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Epitope Recognition: Binds a conserved region near Pro-44, critical for conformational changes .
Comparative studies show no cross-reactivity with mammalian cytochrome c isoforms .
Research Findings
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Electron Transport Role: CytC-1 knockdown in Arabidopsis reduces ATP synthesis by 60% .
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Apoptotic Signaling: Nuclear translocation of CytC-1 correlates with caspase-like protease activation in plant PCD .
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Conformational Plasticity: Antibodies like R1D3 (analogous tools) detect non-native CytC-1 conformers linked to non-apoptotic nuclear functions .
Product Specs
**Constituents:** 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Target Background
- Cytochrome c is a highly conserved cytosolic protein found in organisms ranging from plants to mammals. It interacts with a diverse array of targets involved in programmed cell death. PMID: 24019145
Q&A
Given the lack of specific information on "CYTC-1 Antibody" in the search results, I will create a general FAQ collection for researchers focusing on antibody-related research, particularly in academic scenarios. This will cover aspects relevant to experimental design, data analysis, and methodological considerations.
Answer:
To validate an antibody for IF, ensure it is specific by checking for robust detection of the target in appropriate subcellular compartments and absence of staining in cells lacking the target. Use optimized fixation and permeabilization protocols, and verify lot-to-lot consistency of the antibody .
Answer:
If your results contradict previous findings, consider the following:
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Antibody Specificity: Ensure the antibody is specific for the target protein and not cross-reacting with other proteins.
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Experimental Conditions: Verify that experimental conditions, such as fixation and permeabilization methods, are consistent with previous studies.
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Cell Line or Tissue Type: Differences in cell lines or tissue types used could affect results.
Answer:
To improve manufacturability and reduce immunogenicity, consider humanizing the antibody by grafting non-human complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) onto a human framework. This approach maintains the original binding specificity while reducing the risk of immune response in humans .
Answer:
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Full-Length Antibodies: Provide bivalent binding, which can increase avidity but may be more immunogenic.
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Antigen-Binding Fragments (e.g., Fab, scFv): Offer monovalent binding, reducing potential for cross-linking and immunogenicity, but may have lower avidity.
| Antibody Format | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Full-Length | High Avidity | Immunogenicity |
| Fab/scFv | Lower Immunogenicity | Lower Avidity |
Answer:
To design a bispecific antibody, consider using formats like 1:1 or 2:1 binders, depending on the target antigens. Ensure that the binding arms do not overly engage their targets, which can lead to systemic toxicity. For example, in targeting CD3e, a modest affinity is preferred to avoid over-engagement .
Answer:
Targeting host cell proteins involved in viral replication can reduce the risk of drug resistance. For example, targeting cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 (COX41) has been shown to inhibit H5N1 influenza virus replication by affecting viral ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) retention in the nucleus .
Answer:
Antibodies can be used in liquid biopsy assays to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and other cancer-derived biomarkers in bodily fluids. This involves developing assays that specifically bind to cancer-related antigens, enhancing sensitivity and specificity for early cancer detection .
Answer:
De novo sequencing can be used to reconstruct a lost monoclonal antibody by identifying its unique sequence and then synthesizing it. This approach was successfully applied to recreate the R1D3 antibody targeting conformationally altered cytochrome c .
