Customize daf-31 Antibody

Description

Molecular Identity and Function of DAF-31

DAF-31 is the catalytic subunit of the N-alpha-acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex, orthologous to human ARD1 (Arrest-Defective 1) . It acetylates proteins with N-terminal Met-Ser, Met-Gly, or Met-Ala residues, influencing protein stability and function. Key features include:

Molecular weight: 21.2 kDa .
Sequence homology: 75% identity with human ARD1, 77% with mouse ARD1, and 46% with yeast ARD1 .
Expression: Found in neurons, pharynx, intestine, and hypodermal cells, as shown by a daf-31 promoter::GFP reporter .

Developmental Regulation

Dauer Formation: daf-31 mutants form dauer-like larvae under starvation but remain sensitive to SDS treatment, indicating incomplete dauer morphogenesis .
Fat Metabolism: Mutants exhibit increased fat accumulation, confirmed by Sudan Black and Nile red staining .

Longevity Modulation

Lifespan Extension: Overexpression of daf-31 enhances the longevity of daf-2 (insulin/IGF-1 receptor mutant) worms by 8 days (mean) and 7 days (maximum) .
- Dependency: This effect requires DAF-16, a FOXO transcription factor .
- Mechanism: daf-31 activates DAF-16 transcriptional activity without altering its subcellular localization .

Key Experimental Findings Using daf-31 Antibody

While the provided sources do not explicitly describe the daf-31 antibody’s development, its applications in research are inferred from methodologies in linked studies:

Table 1: Key Phenotypes of daf-31 Mutants and Overexpression

Phenotype	Observation	Citation
Dauer-like larvae formation	Nonconditional arrest under starvation; partial dauer features (e.g., alae)
Fat accumulation	Elevated lipid storage in mutants, confirmed via histochemical stains
Lifespan in daf-2 mutants	Mean lifespan increased from 22.5 to 30.5 days (p < 0.0001)
DAF-16 dependence	Lifespan extension abolished in daf-16;daf-2 double mutants

Research Implications

Mechanistic Insight: DAF-31 links protein acetylation to insulin signaling and aging via DAF-16 .
Human Relevance: Dysregulation of ARD1 (human ortholog) is linked to cancer, suggesting conserved roles in cellular homeostasis .

Limitations and Future Directions

Antibody Specificity: Current studies rely on RNAi and transgenic reporters; explicit validation of the daf-31 antibody’s specificity (e.g., Western blot, immunofluorescence) is needed.
Therapeutic Potential: Further exploration of ARD1-FOXO interactions could inform strategies to modulate aging or metabolic diseases.

Product Specs

Buffer

Preservative: 0.03% Proclin 300
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4

Form

Liquid

Lead Time

Made-to-order (14-16 weeks)

Synonyms

daf-31 antibody; K07H8.3N-alpha-acetyltransferase daf-31 antibody; EC 2.3.1.255 antibody; Abnormal dauer formation protein 31 antibody

Target Names

daf-31

Uniprot No.

O61219

Target Background

Function

The daf-31 Antibody targets the catalytic subunit of the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex. This subunit exhibits alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity. It plays a crucial role in regulating larval development, metabolism, and longevity. Daf-31 functions downstream or alongside daf-3, daf-12, and daf-16 within the dauer formation pathway. Furthermore, it acts upstream of daf-15 to enable animal development.

Gene References Into Functions

Daf-31 encodes the catalytic subunit of N alpha-acetyltransferase, which regulates Caenorhabditis elegans development, metabolism, and adult lifespan. PMID: 25330189

Database Links

KEGG: cel:CELE_K07H8.3

STRING: 6239.K07H8.3.2

UniGene: Cel.12663

Protein Families

Acetyltransferase family, ARD1 subfamily

Tissue Specificity

Expressed in head and tail hypodermal cells, hypodermal seam cells, pharynx, intestine and head and tail neurons.

Q&A

FAQs for Researchers on daf-31 and Antibody-Related Research Contexts

Advanced Research Questions

What molecular mechanisms explain the dual role of daf-31 in development and longevity?
- Experimental design:
  - Use tissue-specific RNAi to dissect daf-31 function in neurons, intestine, or hypodermis.
  - Quantify acetyltransferase activity via mass spectrometry to identify NatA substrates.
- Data contradictions:
  - While daf-31 promotes longevity in daf-2 mutants, its loss-of-function causes developmental arrest. This suggests context-dependent roles, requiring conditional knockout models .
Can daf-31's interaction with DAF-16 inform therapeutic strategies for age-related diseases?
- Methodology:
  - Compare transcriptional profiles of daf-31-overexpressing strains with wild-type under oxidative stress.
  - Use structural biology (e.g., cryo-EM) to study ARD1-FOXO complex formation.
- Research gap:
  - The daf-31-DAF-16 axis is conserved in mammals (ARD1-FOXO), but direct translational evidence is limited. Cross-species studies are needed .

Methodological Challenges & Solutions

How to resolve discrepancies in daf-31 mutant phenotypes across studies?

Approach:

Variable	Impact	Mitigation Strategy
Environmental conditions (e.g., temperature)	Alters dauer formation	Standardize culturing protocols .
Genetic background (e.g., daf-2 mutations)	Modifies longevity outcomes	Use isogenic strains for comparisons .

What tools exist to study protein acetylation in C. elegans?
- Tools:
  - Antibody-based: Commercial anti-acetyllysine antibodies (e.g., Cell Signaling #9441) for immunoblotting.
  - Genetic: Tissue-specific daf-31 rescue experiments with acetyltransferase-deficient mutants .

Data Interpretation Tables

Table 1: Phenotypic comparison of daf-31 mutants

Condition	Wild-Type	daf-31 Mutant
Starvation	Normal development	Dauer-like arrest
SDS exposure	Resistant	Sensitive
Fat storage	Baseline levels	Elevated triglycerides

Table 2: Key daf-31-DAF-16 interaction outcomes

Experiment	Observation	Implication
daf-31 overexpression in daf-2 mutants	Increased lifespan	ARD1 enhances FOXO activity
daf-31 RNAi in adults	Reduced stress resistance	NatA required for DAF-16 function

Recommendations for Future Work

Investigate daf-31’s role in mammalian models using conditional ARD1 knockouts.
Develop dual-specificity antibodies (see ) to target ARD1-FOXO complexes in aging studies.
Leverage deep mutational scanning ( ) to engineer antibodies for probing acetylated epitopes in live worms.

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daf-31 Antibody