ENOX2 Antibody

What is ENOX2 and how does it function in cellular biology?

ENOX2, also identified as tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX), is a protein involved in cellular processes including growth regulation and apoptosis . At the molecular level, ENOX2 functions as a terminal oxidase of plasma electron transport, transferring electrons from cytosolic NAD(P)H via hydroquinones to acceptors at the cell surface .

The protein combines two oscillatory enzymatic activities that alternate within a period of 22 minutes:

• Hydroquinone NADH oxidase activity

• Protein disulfide-thiol interchange/oxidoreductase activity

This oscillatory behavior is believed to control physical membrane displacements associated with vesicle budding or cell enlargement, and plays a crucial role in generating an ultradian cellular biological clock with a period of 22 hours . This clock function may contribute to ENOX2's influence on cell growth regulation.

How is ENOX2 expression regulated in normal versus cancer cells?

ENOX2 shows a highly specific expression pattern that makes it particularly interesting for cancer research:

• Embryonic expression: ENOX2 is present during embryonic development, particularly in early stages . Studies in chicken embryos revealed that the drug-responsive NADH oxidase activity associated with ENOX2 was present in plasma membranes and sera of early chicken embryos .

• Adult normal tissue: The protein and its drug-responsive activity are absent from normal adult cells and tissues . Western blot analyses and enzymatic activity measurements confirm this absence in plasma membranes prepared from normal adult tissues.

• Cancer cells: ENOX2 reappears in cancer cells across multiple malignancies . Full-length ENOX2 mRNA is present in both cancer and non-cancer cells, but is translated only in cancer cells as alternatively spliced variants .

This pattern suggests ENOX2 fulfills functions essential to early embryonic growth that are normally suppressed in adult tissues but become reactivated during malignant transformation, classifying it as an oncofetal antigen .

What methods are most effective for detecting ENOX2 in experimental settings?

Based on the research literature, several complementary methods have proven effective for ENOX2 detection:

• Western Blot Analysis:

  • Most commonly used to detect ENOX2 protein expression in cell lysates and tissue samples

  • Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against ENOX2 have demonstrated high specificity

  • Multiple molecular weight bands may be observed (ranging from ~34 kDa to ~72 kDa) representing different ENOX2 isoforms

• Quantitative RT-PCR:

  • Effective for measuring ENOX2 mRNA expression levels

  • Has been successfully employed to detect increased ENOX2 mRNA in cancer cell lines and primary patient samples

• Immunohistochemistry (IHC):

  • Valuable for detecting ENOX2 expression in tissue sections

  • Can reveal both the presence and localization of ENOX2 within tissue architecture

  • Typically uses a scoring system based on staining intensity (e.g., negative/weak, moderate, or strong)

• ELISA:

  • Particularly useful for quantifying ENOX2 protein in plasma or serum samples

  • Has demonstrated significant differences between cancer patients and healthy controls

The choice of method depends on the specific research question, with Western blot and qRT-PCR being most suitable for basic expression studies, IHC for tissue localization, and ELISA for clinical biomarker investigations.

What factors should be considered when selecting an ENOX2 antibody for research?

When selecting an ENOX2 antibody for research applications, investigators should consider:

• Target epitope location:

  • Different commercial antibodies target different regions of ENOX2

  • For example, some antibodies target the C-terminal region of human ENOX2 (aa 400 to C-terminus)

  • The epitope location may affect detection of specific ENOX2 isoforms

• Validated applications:

  • Ensure the antibody has been validated for your specific application (WB, IHC, ICC/IF)

  • Some antibodies are validated for multiple applications

• Species reactivity:

  • Confirm cross-reactivity with your species of interest

  • Many ENOX2 antibodies react with human, mouse, and rat samples

• Antibody type:

  • Most commonly used are rabbit polyclonal antibodies against ENOX2

  • Consider whether polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are more appropriate for your specific application

• Detection system compatibility:

  • For IHC applications, ensure compatibility with your preferred detection system

  • For example, the UltraVision LP detection system has been used successfully with ENOX2 antibodies

The search results indicate that rabbit polyclonal antibodies targeting human ENOX2 have been successfully used across multiple applications and species, making them versatile tools for ENOX2 research .

How does ENOX2 expression correlate with tumor progression and patient outcomes?

Research has revealed significant correlations between ENOX2 expression and clinical outcomes across multiple cancer types:

In Malignant Melanoma:

Expression patterns across cancer progression:

• ENOX2 expression increases along the progression continuum from benign nevi → primary melanomas → melanoma metastases

• Similar patterns are observed with increasing tumor thickness and stage

Relationship with immune infiltration:

• High ENOX2 expression is associated with reduced electronic tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (eTILs)

• This suggests ENOX2 may influence the immunological microenvironment of tumors

The table below summarizes survival outcomes in melanoma based on ENOX2 expression:

These findings strongly support the role of ENOX2 as a potential prognostic biomarker, particularly for predicting metastatic risk in early-stage disease .

How can researchers effectively quantify ENOX2 in patient samples for biomarker development?

For biomarker development purposes, researchers have employed several complementary approaches to quantify ENOX2 in patient samples:

• Plasma/Serum ENOX2 Protein Quantification by ELISA:

  • In CML studies, the human ecto-NOX disulfide-thiol exchanger 2 ELISA Kit has been used successfully

  • This approach demonstrated significantly higher ENOX2 protein levels in plasma from CML patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001)

  • Methodology:

    • Collect plasma samples using standard protocols

    • Analyze according to manufacturer's guidelines

    • Compare to appropriate control populations

    • Consider potential heterogeneity between patients

• Tissue-based ENOX2 Protein Assessment:

  • Tissue microarray analysis with immunohistochemical staining provides quantitative assessment

  • Scoring system:

    1. Determine maximum and most frequent ENOX2 staining intensity (negative/weak=1, moderate=2, strong=3)

    2. Add values for a total score between 2-6

    3. Group as low expression (scores 2-4) or high expression (scores 5-6)

    4. Have multiple independent evaluators for reliable scoring

• mRNA Expression Analysis:

  • qRT-PCR has been used to measure ENOX2 mRNA levels in patient samples

  • In CML studies, this approach demonstrated a 4.75-fold increase in ENOX2 mRNA in patient samples compared to healthy donors (p<0.0001)

  • Bioinformatic analysis of existing transcriptomic datasets can also provide valuable insights into ENOX2 expression patterns across disease stages

When developing ENOX2 as a biomarker, researchers should consider:

• Consistent sample collection and processing protocols

• Appropriate control populations

• Correlation with clinical parameters and outcomes

• Integration of protein and mRNA data for comprehensive biomarker development

What is the relationship between ENOX2 and BCR-ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukemia?

Research has established a clear relationship between the BCR-ABL1 fusion oncogene and ENOX2 expression in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML):

• BCR-ABL1-dependent upregulation:

  • Transcriptome analysis identified ENOX2 as significantly upregulated in BCR-ABL1-expressing cell lines

  • Western blot experiments with UT-7 and TET-inducible Ba/F3 cell lines confirmed that ENOX2 protein expression increases in a BCR-ABL1-dependent manner

  • The upregulation is dependent on BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase activity, as tyrosine kinase inhibitors reversed the effect

• Clinical correlation in CML patients:

  • ENOX2 mRNA levels were significantly increased in samples from chronic phase CML patients compared to healthy donors (p<0.0001, fold change of 4.75)

  • ELISA assays showed significant increases in plasma ENOX2 protein levels in CML patients compared to controls (p<0.0001)

• Disease phase specificity:

  • Analysis of the GSE4170 transcriptome dataset revealed that ENOX2 mRNA upregulation is characteristic specifically of the chronic phase of CML

  • ENOX2 expression was significantly higher in chronic phase patients compared to those in accelerated (p<0.0001) and blast phases (p<0.0001)

  • ENOX2 expression in accelerated and blast crisis phases resembles that of normal CD34+ cells

• Functional relevance:

  • Bioinformatic analyses identified several genes whose expression correlates with ENOX2, some encoding proteins involved in cellular functions relevant to CML pathogenesis

  • ENOX2 may be the first secreted biomarker described in CML that is regulated by BCR-ABL1

This relationship suggests ENOX2 may play a significant role in BCR-ABL1-induced leukemogenesis, though further studies are needed to clarify whether ENOX2 is a direct or indirect target of BCR-ABL1 .

What methodological approaches are recommended for studying ENOX2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy?

Research into ENOX2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy has employed several methodological approaches:

• Cell Viability Assays with ENOX2 Inhibitors:

  • Phenoxodiol (PXD) has been used as a specific ENOX2 inhibitor in multiple studies

  • Other reported inhibitors include:

    • Capsaicin

    • Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

    • Synthetic isoflavones

  • Standard viability assays (MTT, XTT, or ATP-based) can measure anti-proliferative effects

• Combination Therapy Approaches:

  • For melanoma: Combining ENOX2 inhibitors with BRAF inhibitors (e.g., vemurafenib)

    • Focus on preventing development of resistance to targeted therapies

    • Measure phospho-AKT induction under treatment conditions

  • For other cancers: Combinations with conventional chemotherapy agents have been explored

    • Example: PXD and cisplatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

• Immune Response Assessment:

  • Given the correlation between ENOX2 expression and reduced immune cell infiltration:

    • Measure changes in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after ENOX2 inhibition

    • Quantify CD8+ effector memory T cells and other immune populations

    • Assess cytokine profiles in the tumor microenvironment

• Target Engagement Validation:

  • Confirm that observed therapeutic effects are due to ENOX2 inhibition:

    • Measure ENOX2 enzymatic activity (hydroquinone NADH oxidase and protein disulfide-thiol oxidoreductase functions)

    • Compare effects in ENOX2-high versus ENOX2-low expressing cells

    • Use genetic approaches (siRNA, CRISPR) to confirm specificity of inhibitor effects

• Therapeutic Context Identification:

  • For CML: Focus on scenarios where current therapies are insufficient:

    • Complete resistance to available TKIs

    • Persistence of quiescent leukemic stem cells

  • For melanoma: Consider ENOX2 inhibition for preventing acquired resistance to targeted therapies

Researchers should note that while ENOX2 inhibition shows promise, careful validation of target specificity and mechanism of action is essential for therapeutic development.

How can researchers optimize immunohistochemical detection of ENOX2 in tissue specimens?

Optimizing immunohistochemical detection of ENOX2 requires careful attention to several methodological aspects:

• Tissue Preparation and Fixation:

  • Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues have been successfully used for ENOX2 IHC

  • Standard histological procedures for fixation and embedding are appropriate

  • Tissue microarrays enable high-throughput analysis across multiple samples

• Antibody Selection and Optimization:

  • Rabbit polyclonal antibodies have been successfully employed for ENOX2 detection

  • Example protocols:

    • Anti-ENOX2 antibody (Proteintech Group, #10423-1-AP) diluted 1:100 in 1:20 donkey serum/PBS-Triton X-100 (0.1%)

    • Incubation time: 2.5 hours at room temperature

• Detection System:

  • Alkaline phosphatase (AP)-based detection systems provide excellent results:

    • Epredia™ Lab Vision™ UltraVision™ LP detection system: AP Polymer (Ready-To-Use)

    • Visualization with Permanent AP-Red-Kit (10 min under microscopic control)

  • Counterstain with hematoxylin for nuclear visualization

• Scoring and Quantification:

  • Digital pathology approach:

    • Digitize slides using a slide scanner (e.g., VENTANA DP 200)

    • Analyze using image analysis software (e.g., QuPath-0.3.2)

  • Scoring methodology:

    • Assess ENOX2 staining intensity specifically in target cells (e.g., melanoma cells/melanocytes)

    • Grade intensity: 1 point (negative/weak), 2 points (moderate), 3 points (strong)

    • Determine maximum and most frequent intensity

    • Calculate total score (2-6) based on combined assessment

    • Classify as low (2-4) or high (5-6) expression

  • Use multiple independent evaluators to ensure reliability

• Controls and Validation:

  • Include positive controls (known ENOX2-expressing tumor samples)

  • Include negative controls (normal adult tissues known to lack ENOX2 expression)

  • Consider including embryonic tissues as biological positive controls given ENOX2's oncofetal expression pattern

• Special Considerations:

  • ENOX2 staining in tissue samples has been reported to show predominantly intracellular localization

  • Be aware that ENOX2 expression is not limited to malignant cells; varying levels may be detected in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanocytes

Following these optimized protocols can enhance sensitivity and specificity of ENOX2 detection in tissue specimens for research and potential diagnostic applications.

How can researchers distinguish between ENOX2 (tNOX) and ENOX1 (CNOX) in experimental systems?

Distinguishing between the tumor-associated ENOX2 (tNOX) and constitutive ENOX1 (CNOX) requires specific methodological approaches:

• Drug Responsiveness Testing:

  • The defining characteristic differentiating ENOX2 from ENOX1 is drug responsiveness

  • ENOX2 activity is inhibited by:

    • Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-noneamide)

    • Sulfonylureas like N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N′-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (LY181984)

    • Adriamycin and other quinone site inhibitors

  • ENOX1 activity remains unaffected by these compounds

  • Experimental approach: Measure NADH oxidase activity with and without inhibitor treatment

• Antibody-Based Discrimination:

  • Use antibodies specifically generated against ENOX2

  • Validate specificity by demonstrating reactivity with cancer cell samples but minimal cross-reactivity with normal adult tissues

  • Western blot analysis comparing normal and cancer tissue samples can confirm antibody specificity

• Molecular Weight Identification:

  • ENOX2 isoforms typically show molecular weights of ~34, ~68, and ~72 kDa

  • ENOX1 typically appears as a ~65 kDa protein

  • SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot can distinguish these isoforms

• Source Material:

  • Plasma membranes of normal cells exhibit only ENOX1 activity

  • Cancer cell plasma membranes and sera from cancer patients contain both ENOX1 and ENOX2

  • Embryonic tissue contains ENOX2 during early developmental stages

• Temporal Characteristics:

  • Both ENOX proteins exhibit oscillatory activity patterns

  • Time course measurements of NADH oxidase activity can help distinguish between them based on their characteristic oscillatory patterns

When designing experiments to distinguish between ENOX proteins, researchers should incorporate appropriate controls and validate their findings using multiple approaches to ensure accurate distinction between these closely related but functionally distinct proteins.

What experimental controls are essential when validating ENOX2 antibody specificity?

Validating ENOX2 antibody specificity requires rigorous controls to ensure reliable experimental outcomes:

• Positive Control Tissues/Cells:

  • Cancer cell lines with confirmed ENOX2 expression (e.g., melanoma, leukemia cell lines)

  • Early embryonic tissues which naturally express ENOX2

  • Recombinant ENOX2 protein (if available)

• Negative Control Tissues/Cells:

  • Normal adult tissues (which typically lack ENOX2 expression)

  • Late embryonic stages (which show diminished ENOX2 expression)

  • Non-transformed cell lines

• Technical Validation Controls:

  • Primary antibody omission control to assess non-specific binding of secondary detection systems

  • Isotype control antibody to evaluate non-specific binding of the primary antibody

  • Secondary antibody-only control

  • For tissues: endogenous peroxidase or phosphatase blocking controls

• Specificity Validation Methods:

  • Peptide Competition Assay: Pre-incubation of the antibody with immunizing peptide should abolish specific signal

  • siRNA/shRNA Knockdown: Reduction of ENOX2 expression should correspondingly decrease signal intensity

  • Western Blot Molecular Weight Verification: Confirm detection of bands at expected molecular weights (~34 kDa, ~68 kDa, or ~72 kDa depending on isoform)

  • Multiple Antibody Validation: Use of antibodies targeting different epitopes of ENOX2 should yield comparable results

• Cross-Reactivity Assessment:

  • Test the antibody on cells/tissues from multiple species if cross-species reactivity is claimed

  • Evaluate potential cross-reactivity with ENOX1 (CNOX) which shares some homology with ENOX2

  • Consider testing in tissues with variable ENOX2 expression levels to confirm detection sensitivity

• Functional Correlation:

  • Correlate antibody immunoreactivity with ENOX2 enzymatic activity

  • Specifically, measure drug-responsive NADH oxidase activity in samples with positive antibody staining

Implementing these controls systematically ensures that experimental findings attributed to ENOX2 are genuine and not artifacts of non-specific antibody binding or cross-reactivity with related proteins.

How does ENOX2 contribute to the ultradian cellular biological clock and what methods best capture this activity?

ENOX2 contributes to the ultradian cellular biological clock through its unique oscillatory enzymatic activities:

Mechanism of ENOX2's Clock Function:

• Alternating Enzymatic Activities:

  • ENOX2 exhibits two distinct enzymatic activities that alternate with a period of approximately 22 minutes:

    • Hydroquinone NADH oxidase activity

    • Protein disulfide-thiol interchange/oxidoreductase activity

  • These alternating activities generate an ultradian cellular biological clock with a period length of 22 hours

• Physical Membrane Effects:

  • The protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity is believed to control physical membrane displacements associated with:

    • Vesicle budding

    • Cell enlargement

  • These membrane dynamics contribute to the physical manifestations of the cellular clock

Methodological Approaches to Measure ENOX2 Clock Function:

• Continuous NADH Oxidase Activity Measurement:

  • Spectrophotometric assay: Monitor NADH oxidation at 340 nm in continuous mode

  • Sample measurement interval: Every 1-2 minutes for at least 90 minutes to observe full oscillatory pattern

  • Temperature control: Maintain at 37°C throughout measurement

  • Control condition: Include parallel measurements with ENOX2 inhibitors to confirm specificity

• Protein Disulfide-Thiol Interchange Activity Assay:

  • Use dithiodipyridine (DTDP) substrate

  • Monitor release of thiopyridone spectrophotometrically at 340 nm

  • Record measurements at 1-minute intervals

• Synchronized Cell Population Analysis:

  • Synchronize cells using serum starvation followed by serum addition

  • Collect samples at regular intervals (e.g., every 2-3 hours) over 24-48 hours

  • Measure ENOX2 activity and correlate with cell cycle phases

• Live Cell Imaging of Membrane Dynamics:

  • Employ time-lapse microscopy with membrane-specific labels

  • Record images at short intervals (minutes) over extended periods

  • Quantify membrane movement patterns and correlate with ENOX2 activity

• Pharmacological Manipulation:

  • Apply ENOX2 inhibitors (capsaicin, quinone site inhibitors, etc.)

  • Monitor effects on:

    • Cell cycle progression

    • Ultradian rhythms of cellular functions

    • Membrane dynamics

• Genetic Approaches:

  • Use ENOX2 knockdown/knockout systems

  • Compare oscillatory patterns in wildtype vs. ENOX2-deficient cells

  • Employ ENOX2 overexpression to assess clock amplification

When designing experiments to study ENOX2's role in the ultradian clock, researchers should consider the appropriate temporal resolution of their measurements to capture the oscillatory behavior effectively, as well as controls to distinguish ENOX2-specific effects from other cellular oscillators.

What is known about the relationship between ENOX2 expression and immune cell infiltration in cancer?

Recent research has revealed important connections between ENOX2 expression and tumor immune microenvironment:

• Inverse Correlation with Immune Infiltration:

  • In malignant melanoma, high ENOX2 expression is significantly associated with lower electronic tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (eTILs) scores (p=0.031)

  • Tissue microarray analysis revealed that samples with low eTIL scores (≤16.6%) had higher rates of high ENOX2 expression (45.5%) compared to samples with higher eTIL scores (>16.6%, 17.0% high ENOX2)

• Findings in Other Cancer Types:

  • In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, high ENOX2 expression has been associated with:

    • Lower immune cell infiltration

    • Poorer progression-free survival

• Therapeutic Implications:

  • Combination therapy approaches targeting ENOX2 may modulate the immune response:

    • In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, combined PXD and cisplatin treatment increased infiltration of CD8+ effector memory T cells into tumor areas

    • These CD8+ T cells preferentially lyse cells with higher ENOX2 expression

• Potential Mechanisms:

  • While not fully elucidated, several possibilities exist for how ENOX2 may influence immune infiltration:

    • Alterations in tumor cell metabolism affecting the microenvironment

    • Changes in cell surface properties affecting immune recognition

    • Production of factors that actively suppress immune cell recruitment or function

How might differences in ENOX2 isoform expression impact experimental outcomes and interpretation?

ENOX2 exists in multiple isoforms that can significantly impact experimental outcomes and interpretation:

• Identified ENOX2 Isoforms and Their Characteristics:

  • Multiple ENOX2 isoforms with varying molecular weights have been observed:

    • ~34 kDa truncated form (commonly found in serum/plasma)

    • ~68 kDa form

    • ~72 kDa full-length form (consistently observed across cell lines)

  • These isoforms likely result from alternative splicing and/or post-translational processing

• Experimental Detection Challenges:

  • Antibody epitope location: Different antibodies may preferentially detect specific isoforms

    • Example: Some antibodies target the C-terminal region (aa 400 to C-terminus)

  • Western blot analysis: Multiple bands may appear, requiring careful interpretation

    • Researchers should note which isoform(s) are consistently detected in their experimental system

  • Relative abundance variations: The distribution of isoforms may vary between:

    • Different cancer types

    • Developmental stages

    • Experimental models

• Functional Implications:

  • Different isoforms may exhibit varying:

    • Enzymatic activities

    • Subcellular localization patterns

    • Shedding into circulation

    • Immunogenicity

  • The full-length 72 kDa form appears most consistently across cell lines, suggesting functional importance

• Recommendations for Researchers:

  • Comprehensive detection: Use antibodies capable of detecting multiple ENOX2 isoforms

  • Isoform documentation: Clearly report which isoform(s) are being detected in experiments

  • Functional validation: Confirm whether observed phenotypes are associated with specific isoforms

  • Context consideration: Evaluate isoform expression patterns in the specific experimental system used

• Cancer-Specific Patterns:

  • In embryonic development, the relative abundance of differentially processed ENOX2 forms appears to change across developmental stages

  • In cancer, specific isoform patterns may correlate with cancer type or progression stage

Understanding and accounting for ENOX2 isoform heterogeneity is critical for accurate experimental design, data interpretation, and cross-study comparisons in ENOX2 research.

What methodologies are recommended for investigating ENOX2's role in cancer metabolism?

Investigating ENOX2's role in cancer metabolism requires specialized methodologies that address its unique enzymatic functions and their metabolic impacts:

These methodological approaches, used in combination, can provide comprehensive insights into ENOX2's contribution to cancer metabolism and potentially identify metabolic vulnerabilities that could be exploited therapeutically.

What are the most promising future directions for ENOX2 antibody research in oncology?

Based on current evidence, several promising research directions emerge for ENOX2 antibody research in oncology:

• Diagnostic Biomarker Development:

  • Development of standardized ELISA tests for ENOX2 detection in patient plasma

  • Creation of multiparameter diagnostic panels combining ENOX2 with other cancer biomarkers

  • Validation in larger prospective patient cohorts across multiple cancer types

  • Focus on early detection applications, particularly for cancers where ENOX2 shows high specificity

• Prognostic and Predictive Applications:

  • Further validation of ENOX2 as a prognostic marker, especially for metastasis prediction

  • Investigation of ENOX2 as a predictive biomarker for response to specific therapies

  • Development of companion diagnostics for ENOX2-targeting therapies

  • Integration of ENOX2 into multiparameter prognostic models

• Therapeutic Targeting Approaches:

  • Development of more specific ENOX2 inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties

  • Creation of antibody-drug conjugates targeting ENOX2 on cancer cell surfaces

  • Exploration of combination therapies with:

    • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (given ENOX2's relationship with immune infiltration)

    • Targeted therapies (e.g., BRAF inhibitors in melanoma)

    • Conventional chemotherapeutics

• Mechanistic Investigations:

  • Further elucidation of ENOX2's role in:

    • Cancer metabolism

    • Cell growth regulation

    • Immune evasion

    • Ultradian clock function in cancer cells

  • Determination of whether ENOX2 represents a driver or passenger in cancer progression

• Technology Development:

  • Creation of improved antibodies with:

    • Higher specificity for ENOX2 isoforms

    • Better performance across multiple applications

  • Development of novel detection methods for ENOX2 enzymatic activity in clinical samples

  • Advancement of imaging approaches to visualize ENOX2 in living systems