THFS Antibody
Description
T Helper Factor (THF)-Targeted Antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies against T helper factors (THF) are critical for modulating immune responses. For example, the 6-2.2 anti-THF monoclonal antibody (developed via Sprague-Dawley rat immunizations) exhibits distinct functional properties :
| Functional Property | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| Blocks T helper cell proliferation | Prevents water-soluble timothy extract-induced proliferation of timothy-specific T helper cells. |
| Induces T suppressor cells | Activates antigen B-specific T suppressor cells when cultured with normal spleen cells. |
| Anti-idiotypic activity | Binds idiotypic determinants on THFκ, THFδ, and IgE antibodies. |
This antibody demonstrates specificity for THF-associated epitopes without cross-reactivity to ovalbumin or Ascaris suum antigens .
Tissue Factor (TF)-Targeted Antibodies
Antibodies targeting tissue factor (TF), a glycoprotein critical in coagulation, have therapeutic potential in oncology. Key findings include:
TF-Specific Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
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TF-011 and 5G9 antibodies inhibit FXa generation by >50% at 50 nM, blocking thrombin production in cancer models .
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Antibody 10H10 uniquely inhibits TF-FVIIa signaling without disrupting coagulation, reducing thrombosis risk .
| Antibody | FXa Inhibition | Thrombin Generation Inhibition |
|---|---|---|
| TF-011 | 57%–59% | 65%–70% |
| 5G9 | 67%–70% | 75%–80% |
| 10H10 | <10% | <15% |
Internalization efficiency and epitope diversity are prioritized to minimize off-target effects .
Research Challenges and Standards
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Reproducibility: Only 50%–75% of commercial antibodies meet specificity benchmarks .
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Validation: Knockout (KO) cell lines are superior controls for confirming antibody specificity .
Key Citations
Product Specs
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), pH 7.4
Q&A
FAQs for Researchers Investigating THFS (Formate Tetrahydrofolate Ligase) Antibodies
Advanced Research Questions
How can researchers resolve discrepancies between THFS antibody specificity and off-target binding in microbial lysates?
Cross-reactivity is common in species with homologous enzymes (e.g., Chlamydomonas or bacterial variants).
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Step 1: Perform homology modeling (e.g., using BLASTp) to identify conserved regions in THFS across target species .
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Step 2: Validate antibodies using knockout strains (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 THFS deletion mutants) as negative controls .
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Step 3: Combine immunoprecipitation with mass spectrometry to confirm binding partners .
What experimental designs optimize THFS antibody use for quantifying enzyme expression in dynamic metabolic conditions?
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Temporal Sampling: Collect samples at multiple growth phases (lag, exponential, stationary) to correlate THFS levels with formate utilization rates .
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Dose-Response: Titrate selecting agents (e.g., formate concentrations) to stress pathways relying on THFS, enhancing detection sensitivity .
Data Contradiction Analysis
How should conflicting results about THFS activity (e.g., in vitro vs. in vivo assays) be addressed?
Methodological Challenges in Genetic Engineering
What strategies improve THFS antibody reliability in screening high-yield microbial strains?
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Selection Pressure: Use increasing concentrations of formate or antibiotics (e.g., hygromycin B) to enrich strains with elevated THFS expression .
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Phenotypic Validation: Pair antibody-based detection with growth assays under formate-limited conditions to confirm functional enzyme activity .
Emerging Applications
Can THFS antibodies assist in engineering novel metabolic pathways?
Yes. For example:
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Modular Pathway Construction: Use anti-THFS antibodies to verify enzyme expression in synthetic consortia designed for formatotrophic growth .
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Evolutionary Studies: Track THFS diversification in interfertile Chlamydomonas species under adaptive laboratory evolution .
