FZD1 Antibody

What is FZD1 and why is it important in research?

FZD1 is a transmembrane protein consisting of 647 amino acids with a molecular mass of approximately 71 kDa. It functions as a receptor for Wnt proteins, which are secreted cell signaling molecules involved in developmental processes and homeostasis. The protein contains a signal peptide, seven transmembrane domains, a cysteine-rich domain (CRD) in the N-terminal extracellular region, and a C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif. FZD1 is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family and serves as a key receptor in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is expressed in various adult tissues including heart, lung, kidney, pancreas, prostate, ovary, and placenta, as well as in fetal lung and kidney. Northern blot analysis has identified its transcript as a 4.5-kb mRNA found across multiple tissue types . Understanding FZD1 is essential for research in developmental biology, cancer research, and studies of various pathological conditions linked to dysregulated Wnt signaling.

What types of FZD1 antibodies are available for research applications?

FZD1 antibodies are available in various forms to suit different research needs. The most common types include:

• Polyclonal antibodies: These are typically generated in rabbits immunized with synthetic peptides corresponding to specific sequences of human FZD1. For example, some antibodies target amino acids 548-647 or the C-terminal region (amino acids 504-533) .

• Monoclonal antibodies: These offer higher specificity for particular epitopes of the FZD1 protein.

• Region-specific antibodies: Researchers can choose antibodies targeting different regions of FZD1, including:

  • N-terminal region antibodies

  • C-terminal region antibodies (e.g., targeting AA 504-533)

  • Middle region antibodies (e.g., targeting AA 374-404)

  • Specific domain antibodies (e.g., targeting AA 117-322, 125-225, or 73-322)

Different host species are available, though rabbit is most common, and antibodies vary in their reactivity (human, mouse, rat, and other species) . When selecting an antibody, researchers should consider the specific application, target species, and region of interest on the FZD1 protein.

What experimental applications are suitable for FZD1 antibodies?

FZD1 antibodies have been validated for multiple experimental applications, allowing researchers to study this receptor in various contexts:

When designing experiments, it's important to verify that the selected antibody has been validated for your specific application and target species. Most FZD1 antibodies are tested for reactivity with human samples, while others may cross-react with mouse, rat, or other species .

How should researchers optimize Western blotting protocols for FZD1 detection?

Optimizing Western blotting for FZD1 detection requires careful consideration of several factors:

• Sample preparation: Due to FZD1's transmembrane nature, use specialized lysis buffers containing mild detergents (e.g., 1% Triton X-100, CHAPS, or NP-40) to effectively solubilize membrane-bound proteins while preserving their structure. Include protease inhibitors to prevent degradation.

• Protein denaturation: FZD1 has a molecular weight of approximately 71 kDa, but observed band size may vary due to post-translational modifications. Avoid excessive heating of samples (65-70°C for 5 minutes is typically sufficient) to prevent protein aggregation.

• Gel selection: Use 8-10% polyacrylamide gels for optimal resolution of FZD1.

• Transfer conditions: For efficient transfer of this transmembrane protein, use low methanol concentrations in transfer buffer (5-10%) and consider longer transfer times or semi-dry transfer systems.

• Blocking and antibody dilution: Most FZD1 antibodies perform optimally with 5% non-fat dry milk or BSA in TBST. Recommended dilutions typically range from 1:500 to 1:1000 for primary antibodies .

• Controls: Include positive control tissues known to express FZD1, such as kidney tissue . If available, use recombinant FZD1 protein as a positive control.

• Detection: For clearer results with lower background, use enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) systems with longer exposure times if signal is weak.

The molecular weight of detected bands should be carefully evaluated, as glycosylation or other post-translational modifications may cause FZD1 to appear at different molecular weights on Western blots.

What considerations are important when designing immunohistochemistry experiments with FZD1 antibodies?

Successful immunohistochemistry (IHC) experiments with FZD1 antibodies require attention to several critical factors:

• Tissue fixation and processing: FZD1 is a membrane protein, making proper fixation crucial. 4% paraformaldehyde is often suitable, but fixation time should be optimized (typically 24-48 hours). Avoid overfixation which can mask epitopes.

• Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) or EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) is typically effective for FZD1 detection. Test both methods to determine optimal conditions for your specific antibody.

• Antibody selection: Choose antibodies validated specifically for IHC applications. Not all FZD1 antibodies that work for Western blotting will perform well in IHC .

• Dilution optimization: Begin with the manufacturer's recommended dilution (often 1:100 to 1:500) and optimize through titration experiments.

• Detection systems: For low expression levels, consider using amplification systems like tyramide signal amplification (TSA) or polymer-based detection systems.

• Controls:

  • Positive control: Include tissues known to express FZD1 (kidney, lung, or prostate tissues)

  • Negative control: Omit primary antibody in one section

  • Blocking peptide control: Pre-incubate antibody with immunizing peptide to confirm specificity

• Counterstaining: Use hematoxylin for nuclear staining but avoid overstaining which may mask subtle FZD1 signals.

When interpreting results, remember that FZD1 typically shows membrane localization with possible cytoplasmic staining. Careful optimization of these parameters will ensure reliable and reproducible detection of FZD1 in tissue sections.

How can researchers validate the specificity of their FZD1 antibodies?

Validating antibody specificity is crucial for generating reliable research data. For FZD1 antibodies, consider these comprehensive validation approaches:

• Genetic validation techniques:

  • siRNA or shRNA knockdown: Reduce FZD1 expression and confirm corresponding reduction in antibody signal

  • CRISPR/Cas9 knockout: Generate FZD1-null cells to serve as negative controls

  • Overexpression: Transfect cells with FZD1 expression vectors and verify increased signal intensity

• Biochemical validation:

  • Peptide competition: Pre-incubate antibody with the immunizing peptide (e.g., the KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide from amino acids 504-533) before application to confirm signal loss

  • Western blot: Confirm detection of a band at the expected molecular weight (~71 kDa) with potential variation due to post-translational modifications

  • Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry: Verify that the antibody pulls down FZD1 protein

• Cross-reactivity assessment:

  • Test against other Frizzled family members (particularly FZD2, which shares sequence homology)

  • Test in multiple species if cross-reactivity is claimed by manufacturer

• Multi-antibody approach:

  • Use two or more antibodies targeting different epitopes of FZD1

  • Compare signal patterns across different applications (WB, IHC, IF)

• Literature cross-validation:

  • Compare results with published studies using the same or different FZD1 antibodies

  • Document any discrepancies for further investigation

Comprehensive validation should include at least one genetic approach combined with biochemical validation. Document all validation steps meticulously, as this information will be crucial for publication and reproducibility of results.

How can FZD1 antibodies be used to study Wnt signaling pathway dynamics?

FZD1 antibodies offer powerful tools for investigating Wnt signaling dynamics through several sophisticated approaches:

• Receptor-ligand interaction studies:

  • Co-immunoprecipitation assays using FZD1 antibodies can identify Wnt proteins that interact with FZD1

  • Proximity ligation assays (PLA) can visualize FZD1-Wnt interactions in situ with subcellular resolution

  • FRET/BRET assays with labeled FZD1 antibodies can monitor real-time interactions

• Signaling complex formation analysis:

  • FZD1 forms complexes with G proteins as demonstrated by biochemical studies, including the FZD1-Gq complex resolved at 3.6 Å by cryo-EM

  • Immunoprecipitation with FZD1 antibodies followed by Western blotting for downstream signaling components (Dishevelled, β-catenin, etc.) can reveal pathway activation

  • Sequential immunoprecipitation can identify multiprotein complexes involving FZD1

• Pathway activation monitoring:

  • Phospho-specific antibodies against FZD1 or downstream components can be used in conjunction with FZD1 antibodies to track pathway activation

  • Single-cell imaging with fluorescently-labeled FZD1 antibodies allows visualization of receptor clustering and internalization upon Wnt stimulation

• Genetic context studies:

  • Combining FZD1 antibody techniques with cells harboring polymorphisms in the FZD1 promoter region (e.g., rs2232158) can reveal how genetic variation affects receptor expression and function

• Quantitative pathway analysis:

  • Multiplex immunoassays incorporating FZD1 antibodies alongside antibodies against other Wnt pathway components enable comprehensive pathway profiling

  • Phospho-flow cytometry with FZD1 and phospho-specific antibodies can quantify pathway activation at the single-cell level

These advanced applications require carefully validated antibodies and appropriate controls, but they provide unprecedented insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of Wnt signaling through FZD1 receptors.

What approaches are most effective for studying FZD1-G protein interactions?

Investigating FZD1-G protein interactions requires specialized techniques that maintain the integrity of these membrane protein complexes:

• Structural biology approaches:

  • Cryo-electron microscopy has successfully revealed the structure of FZD1-Gq complex at 3.6 Å resolution, providing insights into coupling mechanisms

  • The complex was prepared using purified FZD1 combined with mini-Gq, Gβ1γ2, and a camelid antibody (Nb35) stabilizer

  • Size-exclusion chromatography and SDS-PAGE analysis can verify complex formation before structural studies

• Biochemical characterization:

  • Co-immunoprecipitation with FZD1 antibodies followed by G protein detection can identify interacting G protein subtypes

  • Bioluminescence/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET/FRET) between tagged FZD1 and G proteins allows real-time monitoring of interactions

  • Crosslinking studies with membrane-permeable crosslinkers can stabilize transient interactions for subsequent analysis

• Functional analysis:

  • G protein activation assays (GTPγS binding, cAMP measurement, calcium flux) following FZD1 stimulation can reveal functional coupling

  • CRISPR-mediated knockdown of specific G proteins can determine their necessity for FZD1 signaling

  • Pharmacological inhibitors of specific G protein subtypes can help delineate signaling pathways

• Live-cell imaging:

  • Single-molecule tracking of fluorescently labeled FZD1 and G proteins can visualize interaction dynamics

  • TIRF microscopy can focus on membrane-localized interactions with high spatial resolution

• Computational approaches:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations based on cryo-EM structures can predict key interaction residues

  • These predictions can be tested experimentally using site-directed mutagenesis and antibody-based detection methods

These approaches have revealed that FZD1 can couple with Gq proteins, while other Frizzled family members like FZD3 and FZD6 preferentially couple with Gs proteins . This differential G protein coupling may contribute to the diversity of Wnt signaling outcomes.

How do genetic variations in FZD1 impact experimental design and interpretation?

Genetic variations in FZD1 introduce important considerations for experimental design and data interpretation:

• Promoter region polymorphisms:

  • The rs2232158 polymorphism in the FZD1 promoter region has functional implications for bone structural geometry

  • This cis-regulatory polymorphism affects transcription factor binding, with the rs2212158 C allele showing increased Egr1 binding compared to other alleles

  • Researchers should genotype cell lines and tissue samples for known FZD1 polymorphisms that may affect expression levels

• Experimental design considerations:

  • Create allele-specific FZD1 promoter luciferase reporter constructs to assess how polymorphisms affect expression

  • When using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for significance assessment, consider both unadjusted and corrected p-values across all FZD1 SNPs

  • Include transcription factor binding assays (ELISA) and promoter activity measurements in transfection experiments to characterize functional impacts

• Population considerations:

  • Different ethnic populations may have varying frequencies of FZD1 polymorphisms

  • Sample selection should account for potential genetic stratification

  • Meta-analyses should include subgroup analyses based on genetic background

• Data interpretation implications:

  • Inconsistent results between studies may reflect underlying genetic differences in study populations

  • Expression level variations might be attributed to promoter polymorphisms rather than experimental conditions

  • Phenotypic effects may be modulated by genetic variations, requiring careful correlation analysis

• Clinical translation:

  • FZD1 genetic variations may influence disease susceptibility and treatment response

  • Patient stratification based on FZD1 genotype may be necessary when translating research findings

Researchers should consider implementing targeted sequencing of the FZD1 gene or including FZD1 variants in SNP panels when designing studies involving Wnt signaling, particularly in the context of bone development, cancer research, or other conditions where FZD1 plays a significant role.

What are common troubleshooting issues with FZD1 antibody experiments?

Researchers frequently encounter several challenges when working with FZD1 antibodies. Here are systematic approaches to address common issues:

• Weak or no signal in Western blotting:

  • Cause: Insufficient protein extraction due to FZD1's membrane localization

  • Solution: Use specialized lysis buffers containing 1-2% Triton X-100 or CHAPS; avoid harsh detergents like SDS that may denature epitopes

  • Cause: Epitope masking during fixation/denaturation

  • Solution: Test multiple antibodies targeting different regions of FZD1 (N-terminal, C-terminal, middle regions)

• Multiple bands in Western blot:

  • Cause: Post-translational modifications or degradation products

  • Solution: Include protease inhibitors in lysis buffer; use freshly prepared samples

  • Cause: Cross-reactivity with other Frizzled family members

  • Solution: Validate specificity using peptide competition or knockout controls

• Inconsistent immunohistochemistry results:

  • Cause: Variable fixation affecting epitope accessibility

  • Solution: Optimize antigen retrieval methods; test both heat-mediated and enzymatic approaches

  • Cause: Endogenous peroxidase activity

  • Solution: Include proper blocking steps (3% H₂O₂ treatment before antibody incubation)

• High background in immunofluorescence:

  • Cause: Non-specific binding

  • Solution: Increase blocking time/concentration; use antibody dilution buffer containing 0.1-0.3% Triton X-100 and 1-5% normal serum

  • Cause: Autofluorescence

  • Solution: Include Sudan Black B treatment (0.1% in 70% ethanol) to quench autofluorescence

• Poor reproducibility between experiments:

  • Cause: Antibody lot-to-lot variation

  • Solution: Record lot numbers; purchase larger quantities of validated lots

  • Cause: FZD1 expression changes with cell culture conditions

  • Solution: Standardize cell culture protocols; document passage number and confluence

For each troubleshooting approach, use appropriate positive controls such as tissues known to express FZD1 (kidney, lung) and negative controls (primary antibody omission, blocking peptide competition) .

How should researchers approach contradictory results from different FZD1 antibodies?

When faced with contradictory results from different FZD1 antibodies, follow this systematic investigation process:

• Epitope mapping analysis:

  • Compare the target regions of each antibody (N-terminal, C-terminal, specific amino acid sequences)

  • Antibodies targeting different regions (e.g., AA 504-533 vs. AA 374-404) may yield different results if:

    • Post-translational modifications mask specific epitopes

    • Protein interactions occlude certain regions

    • Alternative splicing affects epitope presence

• Methodological reconciliation:

  • Create a detailed comparison table of experimental conditions for each antibody

  • Standardize critical variables: sample preparation, antibody concentration, incubation time/temperature

  • Test all antibodies simultaneously under identical conditions

• Validation hierarchy establishment:

  • Prioritize results from antibodies with more extensive validation

  • Give greater weight to antibodies validated by multiple techniques (Western blot, IP-MS, knockout controls)

  • Consider antibodies with published validation in peer-reviewed literature

• Functional correlation:

  • Correlate antibody results with functional readouts of FZD1 activity

  • Use Wnt signaling pathway activation markers (β-catenin nuclear translocation, TCF/LEF reporter assays)

  • Test if genetic manipulation of FZD1 (siRNA, CRISPR) affects results from each antibody proportionally

• Resolution strategies:

  • For structural studies: Multiple antibodies may reveal different conformational states of FZD1, particularly given its roles in G protein coupling

  • For expression studies: Report results from multiple antibodies, acknowledging limitations

  • For localization studies: Consider dual labeling with different antibodies to identify regions of overlap

• Documentation and reporting:

  • Transparently report discrepancies in publications

  • Include comprehensive antibody validation data in supplementary materials

  • Discuss possible biological explanations for contradictory results

By approaching contradictory results as potentially informative rather than merely problematic, researchers may uncover important biological insights about FZD1 structure, function, or regulation that would be missed by relying on a single antibody.

What quantitative approaches are recommended for analyzing FZD1 expression levels?

Accurate quantification of FZD1 expression requires rigorous methodological approaches tailored to this transmembrane receptor:

• Western blot quantification strategies:

  • Use infrared fluorescence-based systems (e.g., LI-COR) for wider dynamic range and greater linearity than chemiluminescence

  • Always normalize to multiple housekeeping proteins appropriate for your experimental context

  • Include a standard curve using recombinant FZD1 protein at known concentrations

  • Apply appropriate statistical tests for densitometry data (typically non-parametric tests due to non-normal distribution)

• Flow cytometry quantification:

  • Implement quantitative flow cytometry using calibration beads with known antibody binding capacity

  • Express results as Molecules of Equivalent Soluble Fluorochrome (MESF) or Antibody Binding Capacity (ABC)

  • Use median fluorescence intensity rather than mean for more robust measurements

  • Account for autofluorescence through proper controls

• qPCR considerations for FZD1 mRNA quantification:

  • Design primers spanning exon-exon junctions to avoid genomic DNA amplification

  • Consider the impact of FZD1 promoter polymorphisms (e.g., rs2232158) on expression levels

  • Use absolute quantification with standard curves when possible

  • Validate results with multiple reference genes selected based on experimental conditions

• Immunohistochemistry quantification:

  • Employ digital pathology tools with machine learning algorithms for membrane staining quantification

  • Standardize acquisition parameters (exposure time, gain, etc.)

  • Develop scoring systems that account for both staining intensity and percentage of positive cells

  • Use automated systems to reduce observer bias

• Integrated multi-platform analysis:

  • Correlate protein expression data with mRNA levels

  • Develop normalized expression units that integrate data from multiple platforms

  • Apply principal component analysis to identify patterns across quantification methods

• Statistical considerations:

  • Sample size calculations should account for expected biological variability in FZD1 expression

  • Apply appropriate statistical tests based on data distribution

  • Consider Bayesian approaches for small sample sizes

These quantitative approaches should be validated using samples with known FZD1 expression levels and reported with appropriate measures of variability and statistical significance to ensure reproducibility and reliability of results.

How are FZD1 antibodies being used to investigate disease mechanisms?

FZD1 antibodies are increasingly employed in cutting-edge research to unravel disease mechanisms, particularly in:

• Cancer research applications:

  • Tumor microarray analysis with FZD1 antibodies reveals expression patterns across cancer types and stages

  • Correlation of FZD1 expression with patient outcomes identifies prognostic biomarkers

  • Co-localization studies with β-catenin explore canonical Wnt pathway activation in tumors

  • Patient-derived xenograft models assessed with FZD1 antibodies help evaluate personalized therapeutic approaches

  • Combined analysis of FZD1 with other Wnt pathway components provides comprehensive pathway profiling in cancer specimens

• Neurodegenerative disease investigations:

  • Brain section analysis using FZD1 antibodies explores receptor distribution in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease tissues

  • Co-labeling with aggregated protein markers (Aβ, tau, α-synuclein) examines spatial relationships to pathological features

  • Quantitative comparisons between control and disease tissues reveal alterations in receptor levels or distribution

• Bone and skeletal disorders:

  • FZD1 antibodies help investigate the functional consequences of the rs2232158 polymorphism in bone structural geometry

  • Immunohistochemical analysis of bone biopsies from patients with osteoporosis or other skeletal disorders

  • Correlation of FZD1 expression patterns with micro-CT and bone density measurements

• Developmental disorders:

  • Tissue-specific expression analysis during embryonic development using FZD1 antibodies

  • Investigation of FZD1 expression patterns in congenital malformation tissues

  • Exploration of receptor distribution in organoid models of human development

• Inflammatory and immune-related conditions:

  • FZD1 expression analysis in immune cell populations using flow cytometry with FZD1 antibodies

  • Investigation of receptor modulation during inflammatory responses

These diverse applications demonstrate how FZD1 antibodies serve as critical tools for understanding the molecular basis of various pathological conditions, potentially leading to new therapeutic strategies targeting the Wnt signaling pathway.

What is the current state of research on FZD1-G protein coupling specificity?

Recent structural and functional studies have significantly advanced our understanding of FZD1-G protein coupling specificity:

• Structural insights from cryo-EM studies:

  • The structure of the FZD1-Gq complex has been determined at a resolution of 3.6 Å using cryo-EM single particle analysis

  • This complex was formed by combining purified FZD1 with mini-Gq (a modified G protein), Gβ1γ2, and the camelid antibody Nb35

  • Size-exclusion chromatography and SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed that purified FZD1 forms a monodispersed complex with mini-Gq

  • These structural studies reveal the molecular basis for specific G protein coupling

• Comparative analysis with other Frizzled receptors:

  • While FZD1 preferentially couples with Gq proteins, other family members show different preferences:

    • FZD3 forms stable complexes with mini-Gs (3.5 Å resolution)

    • FZD6 also couples with mini-Gs (3.4 Å resolution)

  • These differences in G protein coupling specificity may explain the diverse downstream signaling outcomes of different Frizzled receptors

• Functional implications:

  • FZD1-Gq coupling suggests activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and subsequent calcium and diacylglycerol signaling

  • This differs from the canonical β-catenin pathway typically associated with Wnt signaling

  • The dual signaling capability (canonical and non-canonical) positions FZD1 as a versatile receptor

• Methodological advances:

  • The successful purification and structural characterization of FZD1-G protein complexes represents a significant technical achievement

  • Similar approaches can now be applied to study other Frizzled family members and their interactions

• Therapeutic relevance:

  • Understanding the specificity of FZD1-G protein coupling provides new targets for drug development

  • Compounds that selectively modulate FZD1-Gq interactions could offer precise control over Wnt signaling

This research area represents a frontier in understanding GPCR biology and signaling specificity, with FZD1 serving as an important model system for how receptors can engage different G protein subtypes to mediate diverse cellular responses.

What are the key considerations for ensuring reproducible FZD1 antibody-based research?

Ensuring reproducibility in FZD1 antibody-based research requires attention to multiple critical factors throughout the experimental workflow:

• Antibody selection and validation:

  • Choose antibodies with extensive validation documentation for your specific application and target species

  • Perform independent validation in your experimental system using genetic approaches (knockdown/knockout)

  • Record detailed antibody information (supplier, catalog number, lot number, clonality, host, immunogen sequence)

  • Consider using multiple antibodies targeting different epitopes of FZD1 to corroborate findings

• Experimental standardization:

  • Develop detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) for all protocols

  • Standardize sample collection, processing, and storage conditions

  • Document cell culture conditions including passage number, confluence, and growth media composition

  • Establish consistent criteria for data analysis and quantification

• Controls and normalization:

  • Include appropriate positive controls (tissues/cells known to express FZD1)

  • Implement negative controls (antibody omission, blocking peptide competition, isotype controls)

  • Use consistent reference standards for normalization

  • Consider the impact of FZD1 genetic variants on expression levels

• Reporting standards:

  • Follow field-specific reporting guidelines (e.g., ARRIVE for animal studies)

  • Document all experimental conditions in sufficient detail for others to replicate

  • Report antibody validation methods and results

  • Share raw data and analysis scripts when possible

• Technical considerations specific to FZD1:

  • Account for the membrane localization of FZD1 in sample preparation methods

  • Consider the impact of detergents and fixatives on epitope accessibility

  • Be aware of potential cross-reactivity with other Frizzled family members

  • Recognize that FZD1's involvement in protein complexes may affect antibody binding

By implementing these comprehensive practices, researchers can enhance the reproducibility and reliability of their FZD1 antibody-based studies, contributing to more robust and translatable findings in this important area of cell signaling research.

What future directions are emerging in FZD1 antibody technology and applications?

The field of FZD1 antibody technology and applications is evolving rapidly, with several promising future directions:

• Advanced therapeutic antibody development:

  • Function-modulating antibodies that can selectively activate or inhibit specific FZD1 signaling pathways

  • Bispecific antibodies targeting both FZD1 and key co-receptors (e.g., LRP5/6)

  • Antibody-drug conjugates delivering therapeutic payloads to FZD1-expressing cells

  • Development of humanized anti-FZD1 antibodies for clinical applications

• Next-generation detection technologies:

  • Super-resolution microscopy-compatible FZD1 antibodies for nanoscale localization studies

  • Split-epitope recognition systems for detecting specific conformational states of FZD1

  • Proximity labeling antibodies to identify the FZD1 interactome in living cells

  • Photoswitchable antibody conjugates for dynamic tracking of FZD1 trafficking

• Single-cell analytical applications:

  • Integration of FZD1 antibodies in multiplexed single-cell proteomic platforms

  • Spatial transcriptomics combined with FZD1 immunodetection for correlating protein and mRNA distributions

  • Mass cytometry applications incorporating FZD1 detection for comprehensive signaling pathway analysis

• Structural biology interfaces:

  • Development of conformation-specific antibodies based on cryo-EM structures of FZD1-G protein complexes

  • Antibody-mediated stabilization of specific FZD1 conformational states for structural studies

  • Nanobodies targeting functionally relevant epitopes identified from structural studies

• Genetic variation-aware approaches:

  • Allele-specific antibodies capable of distinguishing FZD1 variants

  • Integrated genomic-proteomic approaches incorporating FZD1 genetic variation information

  • Development of research tools to study the functional consequences of FZD1 polymorphisms