GDF3 Antibody, Biotin conjugated

What is GDF3 and what are its primary biological functions in research contexts?

GDF3 is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. This protein plays critical roles in several biological processes that make it an important research target:

Growth factor involved in early embryonic development, where it controls formation of anterior visceral endoderm and mesoderm and establishes anterior-posterior identity through receptor complexes comprising ACVR1B and the coreceptor CRIPTO . In embryonic stem cells, it maintains pluripotency and influences early cell fate decisions .

Regulates adipose-tissue homeostasis and energy balance under nutrient overload conditions, partially through signaling via the receptor complex based on ACVR1C and CRIPTO . GDF3 promotes the inflammatory phenotype in adipose tissue macrophages by phosphorylating SMAD2/3, particularly in age-related contexts .

The 366 amino acid mouse GDF3 contains a 22 aa signal sequence, a 230 aa propeptide, and a 114 aa mature protein with one potential N-glycosylation site . Most GDF3 exists as the prepro form, while the mature GDF3 is presumably the secreted, active form . The mature protein lacks the fourth cysteine responsible for inter-molecular disulfide bond formation, suggesting GDF3 may exist as a non-covalent homodimer .

What advantages does biotin conjugation offer for GDF3 antibody applications?

Biotin conjugation provides several methodological advantages for researchers using GDF3 antibodies:

Enhanced detection sensitivity through the avidin-biotin system: The exceptional affinity between biotin and avidin/streptavidin (Kd ≈ 10^-15 M) enables amplified signal detection. Biotin-labeled antibodies bound to the antigen can be detected by avidin-peroxidase conjugates, allowing for highly sensitive detection in enzyme immunoassays .

Versatility across detection platforms: Biotin-conjugated antibodies can be paired with various avidin-linked detection systems including HRP, fluorescent labels, or gold particles, enabling application across Western blot, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry platforms .

Improved sandwich immunoassay performance: When used as detection antibodies in sandwich ELISA, biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies (at concentrations of 0.25-1.0 μg/mL) can detect as little as 0.2-0.4 ng/well of recombinant human GDF3 . This sensitivity is particularly valuable for quantifying GDF3 in biological samples with low expression levels.

Compatibility with multiplexed detection systems: The biotin-avidin system facilitates multiple target detection in complex samples without cross-reactivity issues that can occur with secondary antibodies.

What is the recommended experimental workflow for first-time users of GDF3 antibody, biotin conjugated?

For researchers new to working with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies, the following workflow is recommended:

Step 1: Application selection and optimization

• Western Blot: Use at 0.1-0.2 μg/mL concentration

• Sandwich ELISA: Use at 0.25-1.0 μg/mL concentration

• Immunohistochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Use at 5-20 μg/mL concentration

Step 2: Sample preparation guidelines

• For Western blot: Prepare cell/tissue lysates under reducing conditions; GDF3 typically appears at approximately 42 kDa

• For ELISA: Process serum, plasma, or culture supernatants according to standard protocols

• For IHC: Use perfusion-fixed frozen sections or properly fixed paraffin sections with appropriate antigen retrieval

Step 3: Experimental setup

• Include positive controls (embryonic stem cells or adipose tissue express GDF3)

• Run negative controls (omit primary antibody or use isotype control)

• For quantitative applications, include recombinant GDF3 standards

Step 4: Detection optimization

• For Western blot: After biotin-GDF3 antibody incubation, use streptavidin-HRP at manufacturer's recommended dilution

• For ELISA: Use a sandwich format with non-biotinylated GDF3 antibody as capture and biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody for detection

• For IHC/IF: Use streptavidin-conjugated fluorophores or HRP-based detection systems

Step 5: Data analysis and validation

• Compare results across different applications when possible

• Validate findings with genetic approaches (siRNA knockdown or knockout models)

• Correlate GDF3 detection with functional outcomes in your biological system

How should Western blotting protocols be optimized for GDF3 detection using biotin-conjugated antibodies?

Optimizing Western blot protocols for biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies requires attention to several critical parameters:

Sample preparation considerations:

• Use RIPA or similar lysis buffers with protease inhibitors

• For complete denaturation, samples should be heated at 95°C for 5 minutes in reducing buffer

• Load 20-40 μg of total protein per lane for cell/tissue lysates

Electrophoresis and transfer parameters:

• Use 10-12% SDS-PAGE gels for optimal resolution

• Transfer to PVDF membrane (as used for detection of human GDF3 in BG01V human embryonic stem cells)

• Use proper molecular weight markers spanning 10-50 kDa range

Antibody incubation protocol:

• Block membrane with 5% non-fat milk or BSA in TBST for 1 hour at room temperature

• Incubate with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody at 0.1-0.2 μg/mL overnight at 4°C

• Wash 3-5 times with TBST

• Incubate with streptavidin-HRP (1:1000-1:5000 dilution) for 1 hour at room temperature

• Wash 3-5 times with TBST

• Develop using enhanced chemiluminescence

Expected results:

• Under reducing conditions, GDF3 appears as a band at approximately 42 kDa

• The uncleaved prepro-form is the predominant form detected in many cell types

Troubleshooting guidance:

• If detecting multiple bands, consider using recombinant GDF3 as positive control

• For weak signals, increase antibody concentration up to 0.5 μg/mL

• For high background, increase washing time/frequency and optimize blocking conditions

What are the critical parameters for optimizing ELISA assays using GDF3 antibody, biotin conjugated?

Optimizing ELISA assays with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies requires careful attention to these parameters:

Sandwich ELISA optimization protocol:

• Capture antibody selection and coating:

  • Use non-biotinylated anti-GDF3 antibody as capture (e.g., PeproTech Polyclonal Anti-Human GDF-3)

  • Coat plates at 1-2 μg/mL in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) overnight at 4°C

  • After coating, wash 3-5 times with washing buffer (PBS with 0.05% Tween-20)

• Blocking and sample preparation:

  • Block with 1-2% BSA in PBS for 1-2 hours at room temperature

  • Prepare standards using recombinant GDF3 in diluent buffer

  • For mouse samples, consider the working range of 7.8-500 pg/mL as reference

• Detection antibody optimization:

  • Use biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody at 0.25-1.0 μg/mL

  • Incubate for 1-2 hours at room temperature or overnight at 4°C

  • Wash 5 times to remove unbound antibody

• Signal development:

  • Incubate with streptavidin-HRP conjugate (diluted per manufacturer's recommendations)

  • Develop with TMB substrate and measure absorbance at 450 nm

  • Stop reaction with acid solution when appropriate color develops

Assay performance metrics:

• Sensitivity: < 2.9 pg/mL for mouse GDF3 has been achieved

• Working range: 7.8-500 pg/mL for mouse GDF3 ELISA kits

• For human GDF3, detection limits of 0.2-0.4 ng/well are achievable

Optimization considerations:

• Perform checkerboard titrations of capture and detection antibodies

• Include blank, negative controls, and standard curve in each assay

• The stability of reagents should be monitored; loss rate should be less than 5% within expiration date

What immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence protocols yield optimal results with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies?

For optimal IHC and IF results with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies, researchers should follow these detailed protocols:

IHC Protocol Optimization:

• Tissue preparation:

  • For frozen sections: Use perfusion-fixed frozen sections as demonstrated for mouse thymus

  • For FFPE sections: Use appropriate antigen retrieval methods (citrate buffer pH 6.0 or EDTA buffer pH 9.0)

• Blocking steps:

  • Block endogenous peroxidase with 0.3% H2O2 in methanol for 10 minutes

  • Block endogenous biotin using commercial biotin blocking kits

  • Block non-specific binding with 5% normal serum from the same species as secondary reagent

• Antibody incubation:

  • Apply biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody at 5-20 μg/mL

  • Incubate overnight at 4°C for optimal results (as demonstrated for mouse thymus)

  • Wash thoroughly with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20

• Detection system:

  • Use streptavidin-HRP (Anti-Goat HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kit has been validated)

  • Develop with DAB substrate

  • Counterstain with hematoxylin

  • Mount with appropriate mounting medium

IF Protocol:

• Cell/tissue preparation:

  • For cells: Fix with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes at room temperature

  • For tissues: Use fresh-frozen sections or fixed sections with appropriate antigen retrieval

• Blocking and permeabilization:

  • Permeabilize with 0.1-0.3% Triton X-100 for 10 minutes

  • Block with 5% normal serum in PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 for 1 hour

• Antibody incubation:

  • Incubate with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody at 10 μg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature

  • Wash thoroughly with PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20

• Detection and visualization:

  • Use fluorophore-conjugated streptavidin (e.g., NorthernLights 557-conjugated streptavidin)

  • Counterstain nuclei with DAPI

  • Mount with anti-fade mounting medium

Expected results and controls:

• Cytoplasmic staining pattern in positive cells (as observed in BG01V human embryonic stem cells)

• Include positive controls (e.g., thymus or embryonic stem cells)

• Include negative controls by omitting primary antibody

How can GDF3 antibody, biotin conjugated be utilized to investigate adipose tissue inflammation?

Biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies provide powerful tools for researching adipose tissue inflammation, particularly in age-related contexts:

Experimental design for adipose tissue macrophage studies:

• Flow cytometry protocol for ATM phenotyping:

  • Isolate stromal vascular fraction from adipose tissue using collagenase digestion

  • Stain with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody along with markers for macrophage subsets:

    • CD11c for inflammatory (M1-like) ATMs

    • CD206 for anti-inflammatory (M2-like) ATMs

  • This approach can reveal how GDF3 expression correlates with inflammatory polarization

• IHC/IF for spatial distribution analysis:

  • Use biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody for adipose tissue sections

  • Co-stain with macrophage markers and inflammatory cytokines

  • This reveals the spatial relationship between GDF3+ cells and inflammatory foci

• Western blot for quantitative analysis:

  • Compare GDF3 expression between adipose tissue from:

    • Young vs. old subjects (age-dependent expression)

    • Lean vs. obese subjects (diet-dependent expression)

    • Control vs. inflammatory challenge conditions

Research findings to build upon:

• Endotoxemia increases inflammatory (CD11c+) ATMs in a GDF3-dependent manner in old mice

• Deletion of GDF3 results in decreased frequency of CD11c+ ATMs

• GDF3 promotes the inflammatory phenotype in ATMs by phosphorylating SMAD2/3

Experimental models and controls:

• Age comparisons: Young (4-month-old) vs. old (24-month-old) mice

• Genetic models: Wild-type vs. GDF3-deficient mice

• Pharmacological intervention: JQ1 (BRD4 inhibitor) acutely blocks GDF3

• Challenge models: LPS injection (0.1mg/kg) for endotoxemia studies

Analytical approaches:

• Quantify the ratio of CD11c+ to CD206+ ATMs as a measure of inflammatory status

• Assess GDF3-dependent SMAD2/3 phosphorylation via Western blot

• Correlate GDF3 expression with inflammatory cytokine production

What methodologies enable the investigation of GDF3's role in embryonic stem cell pluripotency?

Investigating GDF3's role in embryonic stem cell pluripotency requires specialized methodologies:

Comprehensive experimental workflow:

• Expression analysis during differentiation:

  • Culture embryonic stem cells in pluripotency maintenance medium

  • Induce differentiation using established protocols

  • Collect samples at key timepoints (0, 24, 48, 72 hours)

  • Perform Western blot with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody (0.1-0.2 μg/mL)

  • Co-analyze with pluripotency markers (Oct4, Nanog) and differentiation markers

• Immunofluorescence co-localization studies:

  • Fix embryonic stem cells with 4% paraformaldehyde

  • Stain with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody (10 μg/mL)

  • Co-stain with antibodies against pluripotency factors

  • Analyze subcellular localization (cytoplasmic localization has been observed)

• Functional studies:

  • GDF3 knockdown using siRNA/shRNA

  • GDF3 overexpression studies

  • Analyze effects on:

    • Pluripotency marker expression

    • Differentiation potential

    • BMP signaling inhibition

Key molecular interactions to investigate:

• GDF3's interaction with BMP signaling (GDF3 inhibits BMP-2 signaling to maintain pluripotency)

• Receptor complex formation (ACVR1B and coreceptor CRIPTO)

• Signaling pathway activation (GDF3 can signal through ALK-4 and ALK-7, activating Smads 2 and 3)

Experimental models:

• Human embryonic stem cell lines (BG01V has shown GDF3 expression)

• Mouse embryonic stem cells

• Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

Advanced techniques:

• ChIP-seq to identify GDF3-regulated genes

• Single-cell analysis to track heterogeneity in GDF3 expression

• CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing for precise manipulation of GDF3 expression

How can biotinylated GDF3 antibodies be integrated into multiplexed detection systems?

Integrating biotinylated GDF3 antibodies into multiplexed detection systems enables complex, multi-parameter analyses:

Multiplexed immunofluorescence protocols:

• Sequential multiplexing approach:

  • Apply biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody (5-20 μg/mL)

  • Detect with streptavidin-conjugated fluorophore (e.g., NorthernLights 557)

  • Block biotin/streptavidin sites

  • Apply next biotin-conjugated antibody targeting different protein

  • Repeat with different streptavidin-fluorophore conjugates

  • Image using multispectral imaging systems

• Panel design for adipose tissue inflammation:

  • Biotin-GDF3 antibody + streptavidin-Cy5

  • Anti-CD11c-FITC (inflammatory macrophages)

  • Anti-CD206-PE (anti-inflammatory macrophages)

  • Anti-phospho-SMAD2/3-Cy7 (GDF3 signaling)

  • DAPI (nuclear counterstain)

• Multiplex flow cytometry application:

  • Surface stain with lineage markers

  • Fix and permeabilize cells

  • Stain with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody

  • Add streptavidin-fluorophore conjugate

  • Analyze using multi-parameter flow cytometry

Bead-based multiplex immunoassays:

• Couple capture antibodies for GDF3 and other cytokines to distinct bead populations

• Incubate with biological samples

• Add detection antibodies including biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody

• Develop with streptavidin-PE

• Analyze using Luminex or similar platforms

Advanced analytical considerations:

• Spectral unmixing for accurate signal separation

• Controls for antibody cross-reactivity and non-specific binding

• Biological controls (GDF3 knockout samples or blocking peptides)

• Data normalization strategies for quantitative comparisons

Application to emerging technologies:

• Mass cytometry (CyTOF) using metal-tagged streptavidin

• Digital spatial profiling for tissue section analysis

• Single-cell protein analysis platforms

What are the most common technical issues when using biotinylated GDF3 antibodies and how can they be resolved?

Common technical challenges and their methodological solutions:

Western blot troubleshooting:

ELISA troubleshooting:

IHC/IF troubleshooting:

How can researchers validate the specificity of biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody results?

A multi-faceted approach to validating biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody specificity:

Experimental validation approaches:

• Genetic validation:

  • Compare staining in wild-type vs. GDF3 knockout/knockdown tissues

  • GDF3-deficient models show decreased GDF3 expression in adipose tissue macrophages

  • Expected result: Significant reduction or absence of signal in knockout/knockdown samples

• Peptide competition assays:

  • Pre-incubate biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody with excess recombinant GDF3

  • Apply to parallel samples

  • Expected result: Significant reduction in specific signal when antibody is pre-absorbed

• Orthogonal method validation:

  • Compare protein detection with mRNA expression (qPCR or RNA-seq)

  • Correlate with functional readouts (e.g., SMAD2/3 phosphorylation)

  • Expected result: Concordance between protein and mRNA levels

• Multiple antibody validation:

  • Compare results using antibodies targeting different GDF3 epitopes

  • Test both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies if available

  • Expected result: Similar detection patterns with different antibodies

Controls to include:

• Positive controls:

  • Tissues with known GDF3 expression (thymus, embryonic stem cells)

  • Cells transfected with GDF3 expression vector

  • Recombinant GDF3 protein (for Western blot/ELISA)

• Negative controls:

  • Omission of primary antibody

  • Isotype control antibodies

  • Non-expressing tissues or cells

• Technical controls:

  • For biotin-specific issues: Streptavidin-only controls

  • For endogenous biotin: Biotin blocking kit controls

  • For cross-reactivity: Testing against related proteins (BMP-2, GDF-1)

Documentation and reporting:

• Record lot-specific validation data

• Document all optimization steps performed

• Report antibody catalog number, lot, and dilution in publications

• Include representative validation images in supplementary materials

What strategies optimize signal-to-noise ratio when using biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies in challenging samples?

Optimizing signal-to-noise ratio in challenging samples requires specialized approaches:

Strategies for tissues with high background:

• Endogenous biotin blocking protocol:

  • Prior to antibody incubation, block endogenous biotin using:

    • Commercial biotin blocking kits

    • Avidin (10-20 μg/mL) followed by biotin (2 μg/mL) incubation

  • This is particularly important for biotin-rich tissues (liver, kidney, brain)

• Optimized washing protocol:

  • Use Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST)

  • Perform 5-6 washes of 5 minutes each

  • Use gentle agitation during washing

  • For high background, include 0.1-0.3% Triton X-100 in wash buffer

• Signal amplification alternatives:

  • Tyramide signal amplification (TSA) for very low abundance targets

  • Streptavidin-polymer detection systems

  • Quantum dot-streptavidin conjugates for improved signal-to-noise

Approaches for adipose tissue samples:

• Pre-treatment protocol:

  • Defat samples with graded alcohol series

  • Optimize fixation time (excessive fixation can mask epitopes)

  • For FFPE sections, extend deparaffinization and rehydration steps

• Background reduction:

  • Include 0.1-0.3% Sudan Black B in 70% ethanol after antibody incubation

  • This reduces lipofuscin autofluorescence

  • Apply for 10 minutes then wash extensively

• Detection optimization:

  • Use fluorophores that emit away from tissue autofluorescence spectrum

  • Consider confocal microscopy with narrow bandwidth detection

  • Employ spectral unmixing for autofluorescence separation

Strategies for low abundance targets:

• Sample enrichment:

  • Immunoprecipitation before Western blot

  • Cell sorting for flow cytometry

  • Laser capture microdissection for tissue analysis

• Extended antibody incubation:

  • Increase concentration to upper recommended range (2 μg/ml for WB, 20 μg/ml for IHC/IF)

  • Extend incubation to 48-72 hours at 4°C

  • Use sealed humidity chambers to prevent evaporation

• Enhanced detection systems:

  • Multi-layer detection (biotinylated secondary → streptavidin → biotinylated enzyme)

  • Enzyme-labeled antibody enhancement systems

  • Consider newer ultrasensitive chromogens for IHC/Western blot

How can GDF3 antibody, biotin conjugated contribute to research on age-related inflammatory conditions?

Recent research highlights important applications for studying age-related inflammatory conditions:

Research frameworks for age-related inflammation:

• Comparative aging studies protocol:

  • Collect adipose tissue samples from young (4-month) and old (24-month) mice

  • Isolate adipose tissue macrophages using magnetic separation

  • Analyze GDF3 expression using biotin-conjugated antibodies via:

    • Western blot (0.1-0.2 μg/mL)

    • Flow cytometry (5-20 μg/mL)

    • Immunohistochemistry (5-20 μg/mL)

  • Correlate with inflammatory phenotypes and SMAD2/3 phosphorylation

• Endotoxemia challenge model:

  • Challenge young and old mice with LPS (0.1 mg/kg)

  • Collect samples at defined timepoints

  • Analyze frequency of CD11c+ vs. CD206+ ATMs

  • Compare GDF3 expression between groups

  • Monitor physiological parameters (e.g., body temperature)

• Therapeutic intervention assessment:

  • Test GDF3 blockade using:

    • JQ1 (BRD4 inhibitor) as demonstrated previously

    • GDF3 neutralizing antibodies

    • Small molecule inhibitors of downstream signaling

  • Evaluate effects on inflammatory profile and disease parameters

Key research findings to build upon:

• Gdf3 is a top-regulated gene by age and the NLRP3 inflammasome in adipose tissue macrophages

• Endotoxemia increases inflammatory (CD11c+) ATMs in a Gdf3-dependent manner in old mice

• Lifelong systemic or myeloid-specific deletion of Gdf3 leads to reduced endotoxemia-induced inflammation

• Acute blockade of Gdf3 using JQ1 protects from hypothermia during endotoxemia

Translational research directions:

• Correlation with human aging biomarkers

• Application to age-related diseases (cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders)

• Development of GDF3-targeted interventions for age-related inflammatory conditions

What novel methodologies are emerging for studying GDF3 in single-cell and spatial contexts?

Cutting-edge methodologies for single-cell and spatial analysis of GDF3:

Single-cell profiling approaches:

• Integrated single-cell protocol:

  • Dissociate tissue into single-cell suspension

  • Perform single-cell RNA-seq for transcriptional profiling

  • In parallel, use biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody for protein detection via:

    • Mass cytometry (CyTOF)

    • CITE-seq (Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing)

  • Integrate datasets to correlate GDF3 protein levels with transcriptional programs

• Single-cell secretion assays:

  • Use microfluidic-based single-cell secretion platforms

  • Capture secreted GDF3 with immobilized antibodies

  • Detect with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody

  • Correlate with cellular phenotypes

Spatial analysis methodologies:

• Multiplex spatial profiling protocol:

  • Perform tissue section staining with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody

  • Co-stain with lineage and functional markers

  • Image using multispectral imaging systems

  • Apply computational analysis to identify spatial relationships

  • This approach can reveal GDF3-expressing niches within tissues

• In situ sequencing with protein detection:

  • Combine RNA in situ hybridization for GDF3 mRNA

  • With protein detection using biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody

  • This allows correlation between transcription and translation

• 3D tissue mapping:

  • Process tissue samples using clearing techniques

  • Stain with biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibody

  • Image using light-sheet microscopy

  • Reconstruct 3D expression patterns

Novel antibody applications:

• Proximity ligation assays to detect GDF3 protein interactions

• Antibody-based chromatin immunoprecipitation to study GDF3 transcriptional regulation

• Live-cell imaging using membrane-permeable labeled streptavidin derivatives

Technological integration strategies:

• Machine learning algorithms for pattern recognition in spatial data

• Network analysis to place GDF3 in functional pathways

• Public database integration for cross-study comparisons

How can GDF3 antibody research contribute to therapeutic development for metabolic and inflammatory disorders?

GDF3 antibody research offers several pathways toward therapeutic development:

Drug discovery applications:

• Target validation protocol:

  • Use biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies to confirm target expression in:

    • Human adipose tissue samples from healthy vs. obese/diabetic patients

    • Inflammatory vs. non-inflammatory conditions

    • Young vs. aged tissues

  • Correlate expression with disease severity markers

• Therapeutic antibody development:

  • Use biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies in screening assays

  • Evaluate candidate therapeutic antibodies for:

    • Binding affinity (competitive binding assays)

    • Neutralizing activity (SMAD phosphorylation inhibition)

    • Effect on inflammatory polarization of macrophages

• Small molecule screening:

  • Develop high-throughput assays using biotin-GDF3 antibodies

  • Screen for compounds that:

    • Inhibit GDF3 expression

    • Block GDF3-receptor interactions

    • Interfere with downstream signaling

Preclinical model development:

• Translational research models:

  • Diet-induced obesity models to study GDF3 induction

  • Aging models to examine age-dependent GDF3 regulation

  • Endotoxemia models to assess inflammatory response modulation

• Biomarker development:

  • Use biotin-conjugated GDF3 antibodies in sandwich ELISA

  • Validate GDF3 as a biomarker for:

    • Metabolic dysfunction

    • Age-related inflammation

    • Treatment response

Therapeutic strategies supported by research findings:

• GDF3 antagonism for age-related inflammatory conditions:

  • Evidence shows deletion of Gdf3 reduces endotoxemia-induced inflammation

  • BRD4 inhibition (JQ1) acutely blocks Gdf3 and protects from hypothermia

• Targeting GDF3-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway:

  • GDF3 promotes inflammatory phenotype in ATMs by phosphorylating SMAD2/3

  • Inhibition of this pathway could reduce age-related inflammation

• Modulating GDF3 in adipose tissue homeostasis:

  • GDF3 regulates adipose-tissue homeostasis under nutrient overload

  • Potential implications for obesity and metabolic syndrome