At5g14450 Antibody

What is At5g14450 and why would researchers develop antibodies against it?

At5g14450 is a GDSL esterase/lipase initially identified in Arabidopsis thaliana but also found in other plant species including Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), where it is designated as LOC101265609 . The gene encodes a protein-coding sequence that belongs to the GDSL esterase/lipase family, which plays important roles in plant development, stress response, and secondary metabolism. Researchers develop antibodies against At5g14450 to study its expression patterns, localization, protein-protein interactions, and functional roles in plant physiology and development. These antibodies enable various experimental approaches including western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA, providing valuable tools for investigating the biological functions of this protein.

What epitope selection strategies are most effective for At5g14450 antibody development?

When developing antibodies against At5g14450, epitope selection is critical for antibody specificity and functionality. The optimal approach involves comprehensive analysis of the protein sequence to identify unique regions with high antigenicity and surface accessibility while avoiding regions with high homology to other GDSL family members. Based on structural modeling approaches similar to those used in other antibody development projects, researchers should target epitopes that meet the following criteria:

• High antigenic prediction scores using algorithms such as Kolaskar-Tongaonkar or Bepipred

• Low sequence homology with other GDSL family members (below 60% identity)

• Surface exposure based on protein structure prediction

• Avoidance of post-translational modification sites that might mask the epitope

• Selection of regions with stable secondary structures

Multiple-epitope targeting strategies that recognize distinct regions of At5g14450 can be particularly effective for increasing detection sensitivity and specificity . This approach allows for validation through epitope-specific binding profiles and helps mitigate off-target issues with closely related GDSL esterases.

How can researchers validate the specificity of newly developed At5g14450 antibodies?

Rigorous validation of At5g14450 antibodies is essential before application in research studies. A comprehensive validation protocol should include:

• Western blot analysis with recombinant At5g14450 protein and plant lysates, expecting a band at the predicted molecular weight (approximately 40 kDa for the mature protein)

• Knockout/knockdown controls using CRISPR-edited plants or RNAi lines with reduced At5g14450 expression

• Competitive binding assays with purified antigen to demonstrate signal reduction

• Cross-reactivity testing against closely related GDSL esterases to assess specificity

• Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry to confirm target capture

• Immunohistochemistry with peptide competition to validate signal specificity in tissue sections

Validation should be performed in multiple plant tissues and experimental conditions to ensure consistent performance. Documentation of all validation experiments is crucial for publication and reproducibility purposes . Like the approach used for therapeutic antibodies, where specificity determination is critical, researchers should employ multiple orthogonal methods to confirm binding specificity.

What are the optimal conditions for using At5g14450 antibodies in immunoprecipitation experiments?

Immunoprecipitation (IP) of At5g14450 requires careful optimization of experimental conditions. Based on methodological approaches described for other plant proteins and specialized antibodies, the following protocol is recommended:

Sample preparation:

• Harvest fresh plant tissue and immediately freeze in liquid nitrogen

• Grind tissue to fine powder while maintaining frozen state

• Extract proteins using a non-denaturing lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, with protease inhibitor cocktail)

• Clarify lysate by centrifugation at 14,000×g for 15 minutes at 4°C

Immunoprecipitation procedure:

• Pre-clear lysate with Protein A/G beads for 1 hour at 4°C

• Incubate pre-cleared lysate with At5g14450 antibody (2-5 μg per 500 μg total protein) overnight at 4°C with gentle rotation

• Add 30 μl Protein A/G beads and incubate for 3 hours at 4°C

• Wash beads 4-5 times with washing buffer (lysis buffer with reduced detergent concentration)

• Elute bound proteins with SDS sample buffer by heating at 95°C for 5 minutes

Critical parameters include antibody concentration, incubation time, washing stringency, and buffer composition. Adding 0.1% SDS to the lysis buffer may improve specificity but could impact protein-protein interactions. For detecting transient or weak interactions, consider using chemical crosslinking agents prior to cell lysis .

How can researchers troubleshoot cross-reactivity issues with At5g14450 antibodies?

Cross-reactivity with other GDSL family members is a common challenge when working with At5g14450 antibodies. To address this issue, researchers should:

• Perform epitope mapping to identify which regions of the antibody are causing cross-reactivity

• Conduct absorption assays with recombinant proteins of related GDSL family members to remove cross-reactive antibodies

• Use higher dilutions of the antibody, as specific binding often persists at higher dilutions while non-specific binding diminishes

• Modify blocking conditions by testing different blocking agents (BSA, milk, specialized blocking reagents) and concentrations

• Optimize washing steps by increasing the number of washes or the stringency of wash buffers

• Consider antibody purification through affinity chromatography using the specific antigen

• Validate results using orthogonal methods such as mass spectrometry or RNA expression correlation

If cross-reactivity persists, computational analysis similar to that employed in therapeutic antibody development can help predict potential cross-reactive epitopes . This approach allows for rational redesign of the antibody binding region or selection of alternative epitopes with greater specificity.

What approaches are most effective for studying At5g14450 protein-protein interactions?

Several complementary approaches can be used to study At5g14450 protein-protein interactions:

• Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) followed by western blotting or mass spectrometry

  • Use At5g14450 antibody to pull down the protein complex

  • Identify interacting partners by mass spectrometry

  • Validate interactions using reciprocal Co-IP with antibodies against identified partners

• Proximity labeling using BioID or APEX2 fused to At5g14450

  • Express fusion protein in plant cells

  • Activate proximity labeling to biotinylate nearby proteins

  • Capture biotinylated proteins using streptavidin pulldown

  • Identify partners by mass spectrometry

• Yeast two-hybrid screening with At5g14450 as bait

  • Complement with in planta confirmation using the antibody

• Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)

  • Visualize interactions in living cells

  • Validate observed interactions using At5g14450 antibodies

• Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for quantitative binding analysis

  • Immobilize purified At5g14450 antibody on a sensor chip

  • Measure binding kinetics of potential interacting proteins

For all approaches, proper controls are essential, including negative controls with unrelated proteins and positive controls with known interactors. Cross-validation using multiple methods increases confidence in identified interactions .

What are the considerations for using At5g14450 antibodies in different plant species?

When applying At5g14450 antibodies across different plant species, researchers should consider:

• Sequence homology analysis between At5g14450 and its orthologs in target species

  • Higher homology (>80%) in the epitope region suggests higher probability of cross-reactivity

  • Lower homology requires preliminary validation before extensive use

• Western blot validation in each new species

  • Assess band specificity and molecular weight

  • Compare observed pattern with predicted protein size

• Dilution optimization for each species

  • Antibody concentration may need adjustment based on expression levels

  • Titration experiments determine optimal signal-to-noise ratio

• Tissue-specific considerations

  • Expression levels may vary significantly between tissues

  • Sample preparation protocols may need adaptation for different plant matrices

• Post-translational modifications

  • Different species may have varied PTM patterns affecting epitope accessibility

  • Consider testing multiple antibodies targeting different epitopes

The table below summarizes predicted cross-reactivity based on sequence homology to Arabidopsis At5g14450:

This cross-species application requires careful validation similar to the extensive testing performed in therapeutic antibody development to ensure proper target recognition .

How should researchers design controls for At5g14450 antibody experiments?

Proper controls are critical for ensuring reliable and interpretable results when using At5g14450 antibodies. A comprehensive control strategy includes:

Positive controls:

• Recombinant At5g14450 protein at known concentrations

• Overexpression systems (transgenic plants or transient expression)

• Tissues known to express high levels of At5g14450

Negative controls:

• Knockout or knockdown plants with reduced/absent At5g14450 expression

• Pre-immune serum or isotype control antibodies

• Peptide competition assays where excess antigenic peptide blocks specific binding

• Tissues known not to express At5g14450

Technical controls:

• Secondary antibody-only controls to assess non-specific binding

• Loading controls for western blots (housekeeping proteins)

• Serial dilution of samples to ensure detection in the linear range

• Reciprocal IP experiments for protein-protein interaction studies

Biological replicates:

• Minimum of three biological replicates per condition

• Sampling from different plants/growth batches

• Inclusion of developmental stage controls when relevant

Implementing this control strategy helps distinguish specific from non-specific signals and provides a framework for troubleshooting when unexpected results occur. This approach aligns with the rigorous validation processes used in therapeutic antibody development and specificity testing .

What are the recommended protocols for using At5g14450 antibodies in immunohistochemistry?

Effective immunohistochemistry (IHC) with At5g14450 antibodies requires optimization of tissue preparation, fixation, and staining procedures:

Tissue preparation:

• Fix fresh plant tissue in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 4-6 hours at 4°C

• Dehydrate gradually through an ethanol series (30%, 50%, 70%, 85%, 95%, 100%)

• Clear with xylene substitute and embed in paraffin

• Section at 5-8 μm thickness and mount on positively charged slides

Antigen retrieval:

• Deparaffinize sections in xylene substitute (3 × 5 minutes)

• Rehydrate through ethanol series (100%, 95%, 70%, 50%, water)

• Perform heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 95°C for 20 minutes

• Cool slides slowly to room temperature

Immunostaining procedure:

• Block endogenous peroxidase with 3% H₂O₂ in methanol for 10 minutes

• Block non-specific binding with 5% normal serum in PBS with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 1 hour

• Incubate with primary At5g14450 antibody (1:100 to 1:500 dilution) overnight at 4°C

• Wash 3 × 5 minutes in PBS with 0.05% Tween-20

• Incubate with appropriate secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature

• Wash 3 × 5 minutes in PBS with 0.05% Tween-20

• Develop signal using DAB or fluorescent detection systems

• Counterstain, dehydrate, and mount with appropriate medium

For fluorescent detection, consider using tyramide signal amplification to enhance sensitivity. Always run parallel negative controls as described in section 3.1. Optimization of primary antibody concentration is crucial and should be determined empirically for each tissue type .

How can researchers quantify At5g14450 expression levels using antibody-based techniques?

Accurate quantification of At5g14450 expression requires careful attention to methodology and appropriate standards:

Western blot quantification:

• Use gradient gels (4-12%) for optimal protein separation

• Include a standard curve of recombinant At5g14450 protein (5-100 ng)

• Ensure equal loading with total protein stains (e.g., Ponceau S) or housekeeping proteins

• Use fluorescent secondary antibodies for wider linear detection range

• Analyze using image quantification software (ImageJ, Image Lab)

• Normalize to loading controls or total protein

ELISA-based quantification:

• Develop sandwich ELISA using two antibodies recognizing different At5g14450 epitopes

• Generate standard curve using purified At5g14450 protein (1-100 ng/ml)

• Process samples and standards identically

• Perform technical triplicates for each biological sample

• Calculate concentration using 4-parameter logistic regression

Flow cytometry (for single-cell analysis):

• Prepare protoplasts from plant tissue using appropriate enzymes

• Fix and permeabilize cells gently (0.1% paraformaldehyde, 0.1% Triton X-100)

• Stain with fluorescently-labeled At5g14450 antibody

• Include appropriate controls for autofluorescence and non-specific binding

• Analyze using standard flow cytometry gating strategies

Regardless of the method chosen, researchers should:

• Validate the linear detection range for their specific samples

• Include appropriate technical and biological replicates

• Report quantification with statistical analysis

• Consider the impact of post-translational modifications on detection

The table below summarizes the comparative advantages of different quantification methods:

This emphasis on quantitative accuracy and method selection parallels approaches used in clinical antibody research .

How can researchers interpret contradictory results from different At5g14450 antibody-based assays?

When faced with contradictory results across different assay platforms, researchers should systematically evaluate several factors:

• Epitope accessibility differences

  • Some techniques preserve native protein structure (native-PAGE, IP) while others use denatured proteins (SDS-PAGE)

  • Different fixation methods may mask or expose different epitopes

  • Consider using antibodies targeting different epitopes for cross-validation

• Assay sensitivity thresholds

  • Techniques have different limits of detection (Western blot vs. ELISA)

  • Low expression may be detectable by sensitive methods but not by others

  • Quantify sensitivity thresholds using dilution series of recombinant protein

• Post-translational modifications

  • Different tissues/conditions may have variable PTM profiles

  • Some antibodies may be sensitive to specific modifications

  • Verify with phosphatase/glycosidase treatments if PTMs are suspected

• Sample preparation effects

  • Buffer composition, pH, detergents, and reducing agents affect antibody binding

  • Standardize preparation methods across assays when possible

  • Test multiple extraction methods if contradictions persist

• Biological variability vs. technical artifacts

  • Distinguish between true biological differences and technical issues

  • Increase biological and technical replicates

  • Consider developmental stage, tissue specificity, and environmental conditions

When documenting contradictory results, clearly report all experimental conditions, antibody information (source, catalog number, lot), and potential limiting factors. This approach allows for more meaningful interpretation and troubleshooting, similar to the rigorous analysis performed in therapeutic antibody development when unexpected results occur .

What statistical approaches are recommended for analyzing quantitative data from At5g14450 antibody experiments?

Statistical analysis should be planned during experimental design rather than applied post-hoc. Researchers should clearly report statistical methods, significance thresholds, and software used, enabling others to reproduce and evaluate the analysis .

How can researchers determine the binding kinetics and affinity of At5g14450 antibodies?

Understanding the binding kinetics and affinity of At5g14450 antibodies is crucial for optimizing experimental conditions and interpreting results. Several techniques can be employed:

• Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR):

  • Immobilize purified At5g14450 protein on a sensor chip

  • Flow antibody at different concentrations over the surface

  • Measure association (k_on) and dissociation (k_off) rates

  • Calculate equilibrium dissociation constant (K_D = k_off/k_on)

  • Typical high-affinity antibodies have K_D values in the nanomolar to picomolar range

• Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI):

  • Similar principle to SPR but uses optical interferometry

  • Can be performed with smaller sample volumes

  • Provides real-time binding curves for kinetic analysis

• Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC):

  • Measures heat released or absorbed during binding

  • Provides thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS) in addition to K_D

  • Requires larger amounts of purified components

• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):

  • Simpler approach requiring less specialized equipment

  • Coat plates with antigen at constant concentration

  • Apply serial dilutions of antibody

  • Plot binding curve and calculate apparent K_D

  • Less accurate for kinetics but useful for comparative affinity assessment

For At5g14450 antibodies, researchers should expect affinity values similar to those seen in other plant protein antibodies, typically in the range of 10⁸-10¹⁰ M⁻¹. Higher affinity antibodies generally permit more sensitive detection and can be used at higher dilutions .

The temperature dependence of binding should also be characterized, particularly for applications involving different temperature conditions. This parallels the extensive binding characterization performed during therapeutic antibody development, where understanding binding kinetics is crucial for predicting efficacy .

How can emerging antibody engineering technologies be applied to improve At5g14450 antibodies?

Recent advances in antibody engineering offer promising approaches for enhancing At5g14450 antibodies:

• Affinity maturation through directed evolution:

  • Create antibody variant libraries through site-directed mutagenesis

  • Select high-affinity variants using phage or yeast display

  • Iterative selection can yield antibodies with picomolar affinities

  • Improved sensitivity allows detection of low-abundance At5g14450

• Recombinant antibody fragment engineering:

  • Develop single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) or antigen-binding fragments (Fabs)

  • Smaller size enables better tissue penetration and epitope access

  • Can be produced in bacterial or plant expression systems

  • Suitable for fusion with reporter proteins or targeted delivery

• Multispecific antibody design:

  • Engineer bispecific antibodies targeting At5g14450 and interacting partners

  • Enable co-localization studies and investigation of protein complexes

  • Create antibodies that recognize multiple isoforms or family members

  • Apply computational design approaches to predict optimal binding modes

• Intracellular antibodies (intrabodies):

  • Engineer antibodies that fold correctly in reducing intracellular environment

  • Enable live-cell tracking of At5g14450 without fixation

  • Can be used for targeted protein degradation or modification

  • Combine with nanobody technology for improved intracellular stability

• Machine learning-guided epitope selection:

  • Use computational models to identify optimal epitopes

  • Predict cross-reactivity with related proteins

  • Design antibodies with customized specificity profiles

  • Apply biophysics-informed models similar to those used in therapeutic antibody development

These approaches can significantly enhance the utility of At5g14450 antibodies, enabling more sensitive detection, improved specificity, and novel applications beyond conventional techniques. Researchers should carefully validate engineered antibodies against the specific requirements of their experimental systems .

What are the considerations for using At5g14450 antibodies in multiplexed detection systems?

Multiplexed detection systems allow simultaneous analysis of At5g14450 alongside other proteins of interest, providing valuable insights into complex biological processes:

• Antibody compatibility considerations:

  • Select antibodies raised in different host species to avoid secondary antibody cross-reactivity

  • Ensure non-overlapping emission spectra for fluorescent conjugates

  • Validate each antibody independently before multiplexing

  • Test for potential interference between detection systems

• Multiplexed immunofluorescence approaches:

  • Sequential labeling with intermediate fixation steps

  • Spectral unmixing for closely overlapping fluorophores

  • Tyramide signal amplification for weak signals

  • Cyclic immunofluorescence for highly multiplexed imaging (>10 targets)

• Multiplex Western blotting strategies:

  • Fluorescent Western blotting with spectrally distinct secondary antibodies

  • Sequential reprobing with antibody stripping between cycles

  • Size-based separation of targets on gradient gels

  • Use of internal controls for normalization across blots

• Mass cytometry and imaging mass cytometry:

  • Label antibodies with isotopically pure metals

  • Enables simultaneous detection of >40 proteins

  • Requires specialized equipment (CyTOF, Hyperion)

  • Excellent for single-cell analysis of At5g14450 in heterogeneous tissues

• Protein array and bead-based multiplex systems:

  • Antibody arrays for parallel protein quantification

  • Luminex/bead-based assays for solution-phase multiplexing

  • Requires careful validation of antibody specificity

  • Useful for high-throughput screening applications

When designing multiplexed experiments, researchers should consider potential biological interactions between targets, ensure proper controls for each detection channel, and validate the system using samples with known expression patterns. The approach to multiplexed detection parallels methods used in clinical diagnostics, where multiple antibodies must function reliably in a single system .

What are the best practices for reporting At5g14450 antibody-based research findings?

To ensure reproducibility and facilitate comparison across studies, researchers should adhere to the following reporting standards for At5g14450 antibody-based research:

• Detailed antibody information:

  • Commercial source, catalog number, and lot number (if applicable)

  • For custom antibodies: immunogen sequence, host species, production method

  • Validation data demonstrating specificity (Western blot, knockout controls)

  • RRID (Research Resource Identifier) when available

• Comprehensive methodological reporting:

  • Complete buffer compositions and preparation methods

  • Detailed protocols including incubation times, temperatures, and washing steps

  • Antibody dilutions and total amounts used

  • Sample preparation procedures specific to the plant tissue/species

  • Image acquisition parameters (exposure times, gain settings)

• Appropriate controls documentation:

  • Description of all positive and negative controls

  • Representative images of control experiments

  • Justification for selected controls

  • Quantification method for control experiments

• Quantitative analysis transparency:

  • Raw data availability (or representative subsets)

  • Statistical methods with justification

  • Sample sizes and power calculations

  • Software used for image analysis and quantification

  • Description of normalization procedures

• Results interpretation boundaries:

  • Clear distinction between data and interpretation

  • Discussion of limitations and potential artifacts

  • Alternative explanations for unexpected findings

  • Comparison with previous literature on At5g14450

Adherence to these reporting standards enhances scientific rigor and enables other researchers to build upon published findings. This approach aligns with broader initiatives in antibody research to improve reproducibility and transparency .

How can researchers assess whether observed changes in At5g14450 levels are biologically significant?

Determining the biological significance of observed changes in At5g14450 levels requires integration of multiple lines of evidence:

• Statistical significance assessment:

  • Apply appropriate statistical tests with correction for multiple comparisons

  • Consider both p-values and effect sizes

  • Establish thresholds for biological relevance (e.g., >1.5-fold change)

  • Assess reproducibility across biological replicates

• Correlative evidence:

  • Correlate protein level changes with mRNA expression data

  • Assess relationship with known interacting proteins or pathways

  • Connect expression changes to physiological or phenotypic alterations

  • Compare with other members of the GDSL esterase family

• Functional validation approaches:

  • Genetic manipulation (overexpression, knockdown, knockout)

  • Enzymatic activity assays to connect protein levels with function

  • Cell/tissue-specific analyses to pinpoint sites of action

  • Temporal studies to establish causality in signaling cascades

• Contextual interpretation:

  • Compare magnitude of changes with natural variation across tissues/conditions

  • Consider post-translational modifications that may affect function

  • Evaluate threshold effects vs. gradual responses

  • Assess whether changes exceed normal homeostatic regulation

• Integration with existing knowledge:

  • Compare with published literature on At5g14450 function

  • Consider evolutionary conservation of response patterns

  • Evaluate coherence with known biological pathways

  • Develop testable hypotheses based on observed changes

By integrating these approaches, researchers can distinguish between statistically significant changes that have biological impact and those that may represent normal fluctuations or technical artifacts. This multifaceted approach to significance assessment parallels methods used in therapeutic antibody research, where multiple lines of evidence are required to establish biological relevance .

What databases and resources are available for At5g14450 antibody researchers?

Researchers working with At5g14450 antibodies can leverage several specialized databases and resources:

• Protein databases and tools:

  • UniProt/Swiss-Prot for curated protein information

  • TAIR (The Arabidopsis Information Resource) for gene/protein data

  • Phytozome for comparative genomics across plant species

  • PLAZA for plant comparative genomics

  • PDB (Protein Data Bank) for structural information when available

• Antibody resources:

  • Antibodypedia for commercial antibody information

  • CiteAb for antibody citation tracking

  • ABCD (Antibody Registry) for unique identifiers (RRIDs)

  • ENCODE validation resources for antibody validation protocols

  • Addgene for plasmids expressing tagged versions of At5g14450

• Plant-specific expression resources:

  • BAR (Bio-Analytic Resource) for gene expression visualization

  • Tomato Expression Atlas for tissue-specific expression

  • ATTED-II for co-expression analysis

  • Plant Reactome for pathway information

  • PLEXdb for plant expression database

• Experimental protocol repositories:

  • Bio-protocol for peer-reviewed protocols

  • Protocol Exchange for community-shared methods

  • ABRF (Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities) for best practices

  • Plant Methods journal for specialized methodologies

• Computational tools:

  • NetPhos for phosphorylation site prediction

  • GlycoEP for glycosylation site prediction

  • IEDB Analysis Resource for epitope prediction

  • PlantCARE for promoter analysis

  • ProtParam for physicochemical property calculation

These resources enable comprehensive analysis of At5g14450 from sequence to structure to function, facilitating experimental design and interpretation of antibody-based studies. Integration of information across these platforms provides a more complete understanding of At5g14450 biology and guides more effective antibody applications .

What emerging technologies might impact future At5g14450 antibody research?

Several emerging technologies are poised to transform antibody-based research on At5g14450 and other plant proteins:

• Single-cell proteomics:

  • Mass spectrometry-based single-cell analysis

  • Spatial proteomics for in situ protein localization

  • Integration with single-cell transcriptomics

  • Reveals cell-type specific At5g14450 expression patterns

• CRISPR-based technologies:

  • Endogenous tagging of At5g14450 for live imaging

  • CUT&Tag for high-resolution protein-DNA interaction mapping

  • Protein degradation systems (AID, dTAG) for acute depletion

  • Base editing for introducing point mutations

• Proximity labeling advancements:

  • Improved TurboID and miniTurbo systems

  • Split proximity labeling for conditional interactions

  • Organelle-specific proximity labeling

  • Quantitative proximity proteomics

• Synthetic biology approaches:

  • Optogenetic control of At5g14450 activity

  • Engineered protein switches responsive to small molecules

  • Synthetic protein scaffolds for pathway organization

  • Cell-free expression systems for rapid protein production

• Advanced imaging technologies:

  • Expansion microscopy for super-resolution imaging

  • Light-sheet microscopy for rapid 3D imaging

  • Cryo-electron tomography for in situ structural analysis

  • Live-cell single-molecule tracking

• Computational advances:

  • AlphaFold2 and RoseTTAFold for protein structure prediction

  • Machine learning for antibody design and optimization

  • Molecular dynamics simulations of antibody-antigen interactions

  • Network analysis tools for integrating multi-omics data