GLUL Antibody, FITC conjugated
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Description
Structure and Conjugation Chemistry
GLUL Antibody, FITC conjugated, combines a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody with FITC, a fluorophore excited at 488 nm (emission ~519 nm). FITC binds to primary amines (lysine residues) on the antibody, typically at a ratio of 3–6 FITC molecules per antibody to avoid quenching or solubility issues .
Applications
GLUL Antibody, FITC conjugated, is used in:
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Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Detecting cytoplasmic/membranous GLUL in paraffin-embedded tissues .
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Flow Cytometry (FCM): Quantifying intracellular GLUL expression .
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Immunofluorescence (IF): Localizing GLUL in subcellular compartments (e.g., mitochondria) .
Example Applications Table
Conjugation Heterogeneity
Mass spectrometry studies reveal that Lys-based conjugation produces a heterogeneous mixture of antibody-FITC complexes. For example:
Functional Impacts
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Fab Conjugation: Preserves antigen binding but may reduce fluorescence brightness due to quenching .
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Fc Conjugation: Reduces Fc-mediated interactions (e.g., Fc receptor binding) .
Challenges and Best Practices
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Optimization: Dilutions and conjugation ratios must be experimentally validated .
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Stability: FITC is light-sensitive; store at 4°C in the dark .
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Sodium Azide Removal: Critical to prevent FITC inactivation .
Future Directions
Product Specs
Buffer
Preservative: 0.03% Proclin 300
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Form
Liquid
Lead Time
Typically, we can ship products within 1-3 business days of receiving your order. Delivery time may vary depending on the purchasing method and location. For specific delivery timeframes, please consult your local distributor.
Synonyms
cell proliferation-inducing protein 59 antibody; Cgl2214 antibody; GLNA antibody; GLNA_HUMAN antibody; GLNS antibody; GLUL antibody; Glutamate ammonia ligase antibody; Glutamate decarboxylase antibody; Glutamate--ammonia ligase antibody; glutamine synthase antibody; Glutamine synthetase antibody; glutamine synthetase I antibody; GS antibody; PIG 43 antibody; PIG 59 antibody; PIG43 antibody; PIG59 antibody; Proliferation inducing protein 43 antibody
Target Names
Uniprot No.
Target Background
Function
Glutamine synthetase catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine. Its role varies depending on tissue localization. In the brain, it regulates toxic ammonia levels and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine. Conversely, in the liver, it participates in ammonia removal. Glutamine synthetase is essential for the proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts. Independent of its glutamine synthetase activity, it is crucial for endothelial cell migration during vascular development. It regulates membrane localization and activation of the GTPase RHOJ, potentially by promoting RHOJ palmitoylation. Glutamine synthetase may function as a palmitoyltransferase for RHOJ, capable of autopalmitoylating and subsequently transferring the palmitoyl group to RHOJ. It plays a role in ribosomal 40S subunit biogenesis.
Gene References Into Functions
- Recent research indicates that, in addition to its known glutamine production, glutamine synthetase exhibits an uncharacterized activity in endothelial cell migration during pathological angiogenesis through RHOJ palmitoylation. PMID: 30158707
- In silico analysis suggests a potential link between GLUL SNPs and major depressive disorder. PMID: 29441491
- The SNP rs10911021 near glutamate-ammonia ligase has been associated with oxidative stress in coronary heart disease patients from Pakistan. PMID: 29304826
- ASCT2 was found to be significantly overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC) samples compared to adjacent non-cancerous gastric mucosa. Conversely, a significantly higher level of glutamine synthetase (GS) expression was observed in normal tissues compared to GC samples. PMID: 29435734
- Data identifies GS activity as a mediator of the proangiogenic, immunosuppressive, and pro-metastatic function of M2-like macrophages, highlighting the potential for targeting this enzyme in cancer metastasis treatment. PMID: 28813676
- Studies show that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) downregulation of glutamine synthetase (GLUL; GS) was sufficient to reduce both GS abundance and enzyme activity. PMID: 29029014
- A genome-wide association study to identify genetic factors for familial hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma identified two large-effect susceptible haplotypes located at GLUL and SLC13A2/FOXN1. PMID: 28662289
- GLUL knockdown significantly inhibited the p38 MAPK and ERK1/ERK2 signaling pathways in cultured breast cancer cells, leading to a reduction in cell proliferation. PMID: 27791265
- Co-targeting glutamine synthetase in the stroma and glutaminase in cancer cells reduces tumor weight, nodules, and metastasis. PMID: 27829138
- This study demonstrated the influence of glutamine synthetase gene polymorphisms on the development of hyperammonemia during valproic acid-based therapy. PMID: 26599579
- GS is acetylated at lysines 11 and 14, creating a degron essential for binding and ubiquitylation by CRL4(CRBN) and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. PMID: 26990986
- The study investigated molecular mechanisms of glutamine synthetase mutations that lead to clinically relevant pathologies. PMID: 26836257
- GLUL rs10911021 is prospectively associated with adjudicated cardiovascular composite end points among overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. PMID: 26395743
- Data shows that glutamine synthetase (GS) produces glutamine (Gln) from tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle-derived carbons. PMID: 26595383
- Findings point to SNP rs10911021 of GLUL as an independent modulator of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. PMID: 25677913
- Results highlight the diagnostic errors that can occur due to variant patterns of staining with glutamine synthetase and serum amyloid-associated protein in inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia. PMID: 23807780
- High Glutamine synthetase expression is associated with epilepsy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. PMID: 23410662
- Glutamine synthetase expression is increased in regenerating hepatocytes and in early hepatocyte progenitor cells prior to morphological evidence of hepatocellular differentiation. PMID: 23362937
- Through a 3-stage genome-wide association study in 4188 type 2 diabetic patients, a novel susceptibility locus for coronary heart disease was identified in the region of the GLUL gene. PMID: 23982368
- These results suggest that GLUL contributes to pancreatic regeneration. PMID: 22930410
- The presence of GS in the post-acrosomal region of the perinuclear theca suggests that human sperm can carry out glutamine synthesis. PMID: 22777743
- Data indicates that the acidification followed by neutralization (AFBN) pre-treatment protocol for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) significantly enhances the measurement of glutamine synthetase (GS) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in CSF. PMID: 22542401
- This study suggests that serum glutamine synthetase levels lack diagnostic value for Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 21597934
- Glutamine synthetase expression can be used to distinguish astrocytic from oligodendroglial tumors and may play a role in the pathogenesis of astrocytomas. PMID: 21682567
- The Glul gene could serve as a novel target in genetic therapy for diabetes mellitus. PMID: 20536387
- Glutamine synthetase was up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and may serve as a novel marker for early diagnosis. PMID: 20525558
- Standard histology and glutamine synthase status identify a hepatocellular carcinoma subset with distinct clinical and pathological features. PMID: 20233882
- 2D fingerprinting & mass spectrometry reveal specific targets of protein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease brain, including glutamine synthase, suggesting the involvement of oxidatively modified proteins in neurodegeneration. PMID: 12160938
- The detection of a significantly reduced enzymatic activity in the epileptic amygdala supports the assumption that the enzyme defect is localized to the epileptic mesial temporal lobe of corresponding patients. PMID: 16095760
- Liver tissue samples from HCV-HCC cancerous tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues from patients showed three protein spots of the same molecular mass (42 kDa), whose expression increased in well-differentiated cancerous tissues. PMID: 16609938
- In myocytes and hepatomas, but not in adipocytes, glutamine acts to moderate glutamine synthetase induction by glucocorticoids. PMID: 17197094
- We confirmed the induction of GS expression by dexamethasone previously published. Components of the glutamatergic system may play a role in bone pathophysiology. PMID: 17627080
- The crystal structure of GLUL illustrates substrate-induced conformational change and provides opportunities for drug and herbicide design. PMID: 18005987
- In solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas, glutamine synthetase expression is highly correlated with Wnt/beta-catenin activation, demonstrating its faithfulness as a Wnt target gene. PMID: 18192886
- Glutamine synthetase plays a role in the control of glutamate signaling through Wnt3A and steroid pathways in osteoblastic cells. PMID: 18555765
- Glutamine synthetase is found during early human fetal stages, where it exhibits a significant effect on cell proliferation. PMID: 18662667
- This study suggests that seizures in GBM are coupled with a highly localized glutamine synthetase deficiency. PMID: 19183851
- GS localization was investigated using immunohistochemistry and double-labeling of young and adult human and rat skin sections as well as skin cells in culture. PMID: 19204801
- GS mRNA and protein expression did not differ between normal and fetal growth restriction pregnancy. PMID: 19500843
Database Links
Involvement In Disease
Congenital systemic glutamine deficiency (CSGD)
Protein Families
Glutamine synthetase family
Subcellular Location
Cytoplasm, cytosol. Microsome. Mitochondrion. Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed in endothelial cells.
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