HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody

What is HIST1H1D and what is its biological function?

HIST1H1D (Histone H1.3) is a member of the linker histone H1 family that binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes, contributing to chromatin fiber formation and condensation. Unlike core histones, the H1 histone family exhibits greater evolutionary diversity with multiple variants. In humans, 11 H1 variants exist, including 7 somatic subtypes (H1.1 to H1.5, H1.0, and H1X), three testis-specific variants, and one oocyte-specific variant . HIST1H1D is one of the somatic variants expressed in a replication-dependent manner and plays critical roles in chromatin compaction and gene expression regulation. While initially thought to serve primarily structural functions, growing evidence suggests H1 variants like HIST1H1D have specific regulatory roles in various cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, and development .

How does HIST1H1D differ from other histone H1 variants?

HIST1H1D (H1.3) differs from other H1 variants in several important aspects. While some studies initially suggested functional redundancy among H1 variants (demonstrated through compensatory upregulation in knockout studies), more evidence now supports variant-specific functions . These differences manifest in tissue-specific expression patterns, binding affinities, and residence times on chromatin. The variation in binding properties stems primarily from differences in the C-terminal and N-terminal tails . Additionally, each H1 variant undergoes unique post-translational modifications that modulate interactions with different binding partners. HIST1H1D exhibits distinct genomic distribution patterns compared to other variants, particularly H1.2, which shows specific features at promoters and throughout the genome according to ChIP-seq studies in breast cancer cells . These differences allow HIST1H1D to participate in regulating distinct subsets of genes.

What post-translational modifications occur on HIST1H1D?

HIST1H1D undergoes various post-translational modifications that regulate its function in chromatin organization and gene expression. One significant modification occurs at lysine 140 (K140), where formylation has been observed and can be detected using specific antibodies like the Formyl-HIST1H1D (K140) Antibody (PACO65094) . Additional modifications identified in recent studies include phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitination at various residues. These modifications create a complex "histone code" that influences HIST1H1D binding affinity to chromatin, interaction with regulatory proteins, and participation in processes such as transcription and DNA repair . For example, phosphorylation of specific residues during the cell cycle affects chromatin condensation during mitosis, while acetylation may loosen chromatin structure to facilitate transcription. The extensive network of modifications provides a sophisticated mechanism for fine-tuning HIST1H1D's role in gene regulation.

What are the key specifications of the HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody?

The HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody (PACO60623) is a high-quality polyclonal antibody developed for research applications. It is produced in rabbits with IgG isotype and specifically targets a peptide sequence around the lysine 34 (Lys-34) site derived from Human Histone H1.3 . The antibody is supplied in liquid form (50μl) in a storage buffer containing 0.03% Proclin 300, 50% Glycerol, and 0.01M PBS at pH 7.4 . It is purified using antigen affinity chromatography to ensure specificity. This unconjugated antibody has been validated for multiple applications including ELISA (recommended dilution 1:2000-1:10000), immunohistochemistry (IHC, recommended dilution 1:10-1:100), and immunofluorescence (IF, recommended dilution 1:1-1:10) . The antibody specifically reacts with human HIST1H1D, making it suitable for various research applications involving human cell lines and tissues.

How should the HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody be stored and handled?

For optimal performance and longevity of the HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody (PACO60623), proper storage and handling procedures must be followed. The antibody should be stored at -20°C for long-term preservation, and aliquoting is recommended to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, which can degrade antibody quality. When handling the antibody for experiments, it should be thawed gently on ice and centrifuged briefly before opening to collect all liquid at the bottom of the vial . The storage buffer (containing 50% glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4, and 0.03% Proclin 300 as preservative) helps maintain stability during freeze-thaw cycles . For dilution, use fresh, sterile buffers appropriate for your application, such as PBS with 1% BSA for blocking non-specific binding. Always use clean pipette tips and tubes to prevent contamination. After use, return the stock antibody promptly to -20°C. Monitoring expiration dates is essential, and validation testing should be performed if the antibody has been stored for extended periods.

What is the significance of the Ab-34 epitope compared to other HIST1H1D antibody targets?

The Ab-34 epitope in HIST1H1D represents a specific peptide sequence surrounding lysine 34, which offers distinct advantages in certain research contexts compared to antibodies targeting other epitopes like Ab-16 (Lys-16), Ab-106 (Lys-106), or K140. The lysine 34 region may be involved in specific protein-protein interactions or subjected to particular post-translational modifications that influence HIST1H1D function . The strategic location of this epitope in the protein's structure may provide better accessibility in certain experimental conditions, potentially yielding more consistent results in applications like IHC or IF .

Comparative studies have shown that different epitope-targeting antibodies can yield varying results depending on the experimental context. For instance, while the HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody demonstrates excellent performance in IHC and IF applications, the HIST1H1D (Ab-106) Antibody shows stronger reactivity in Western blot applications . This variability stems from different epitope exposures in native versus denatured protein conformations. Researchers should select the appropriate antibody based on their specific application needs and the biological question being addressed.

What is the optimal protocol for immunohistochemistry using HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody?

For optimal immunohistochemistry (IHC) results with HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody, follow this detailed protocol:

• Tissue Preparation: Use freshly cut 4-6μm sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Mount sections on positively charged slides.

• Deparaffinization and Rehydration: Perform dewaxing in xylene (2 changes, 5 minutes each) and rehydration through graded alcohols to water.

• Antigen Retrieval: This critical step dramatically improves staining. Perform heat-induced epitope retrieval using citrate buffer (pH 6.0) under high pressure as validated for the HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody . Place slides in preheated buffer in a pressure cooker for 3-4 minutes after achieving full pressure.

• Blocking: Block endogenous peroxidase activity with 3% H₂O₂ in methanol for 10 minutes. After washing with PBS, block non-specific binding with 10% normal goat serum for 30 minutes at room temperature .

• Primary Antibody Incubation: Dilute HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody to 1:20 (optimal dilution range: 1:10-1:100) in 1% BSA/PBS and incubate overnight at 4°C in a humidified chamber .

• Detection System: After washing with PBS (3×5 minutes), apply biotinylated secondary antibody for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by HRP-conjugated streptavidin-biotin complex .

• Visualization: Develop with DAB substrate and counterstain with hematoxylin.

• Controls: Always include positive control (human adrenal gland tissue has been validated) and negative controls (primary antibody omitted).

This protocol has been validated on a Leica BondTM system for human adrenal gland tissue and shows excellent nuclear staining of HIST1H1D with minimal background .

How can I optimize immunofluorescence experiments with HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody?

To achieve optimal immunofluorescence (IF) results with HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody, consider this comprehensive protocol with troubleshooting strategies:

• Cell Preparation: Culture cells on coverslips or chamber slides at 60-70% confluence. For adherent cells like PC-3 (validated with this antibody), culture in appropriate medium until reaching desired confluence .

• Fixation: Fix cells with freshly prepared 4% formaldehyde/paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 minutes at room temperature. This fixation method preserves nuclear architecture while maintaining epitope accessibility .

• Permeabilization: Permeabilize with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 minutes at room temperature to allow antibody access to the nuclear target .

• Blocking: Block with 10% normal goat serum in PBS for 30-60 minutes at room temperature to reduce non-specific binding .

• Primary Antibody: Dilute HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody at 1:1.5-1:10 in blocking solution and incubate overnight at 4°C in a humidified chamber . This relatively concentrated dilution is optimal for detecting nuclear HIST1H1D.

• Secondary Antibody: After washing (3×5 minutes with PBS), incubate with fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody, such as Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L) at 1:200-1:500 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature in the dark .

• Counterstaining: Counterstain nuclei with DAPI (1μg/ml) for 5 minutes .

• Mounting: Mount with anti-fade mounting medium.

Optimization Tips:

• If signal is weak, increase primary antibody concentration or incubation time

• If background is high, increase blocking time, decrease antibody concentration, or add 0.1% Tween-20 to wash buffers

• For dual staining, ensure secondary antibodies don't cross-react

• Image acquisition settings should be optimized for nuclear staining patterns

This protocol has been validated with PC-3 cells, showing specific nuclear localization of HIST1H1D with strong signal-to-noise ratio .

What are the recommended controls for validating HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody specificity?

To rigorously validate the specificity of HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody, implement these essential controls in your experimental design:

• Positive Tissue/Cell Controls: Include human adrenal gland tissue for IHC applications and PC-3 cell line for IF, both confirmed to express HIST1H1D and validated with this antibody . Other cell lines with confirmed expression include HeLa and K562 cells.

• Negative Controls: Perform parallel experiments omitting the primary antibody while maintaining all other steps to identify non-specific binding from the secondary antibody or detection system.

• Peptide Competition Assay: Pre-incubate the antibody with excess immunizing peptide (the Lys-34 region peptide) before application to samples. Specific signals should be significantly reduced or eliminated.

• Knockdown/Knockout Validation: Use HIST1H1D siRNA knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout cell lines as negative controls. Compare staining patterns between wild-type and HIST1H1D-depleted samples.

• Cross-Reactivity Assessment: Test the antibody on samples from non-target species or on closely related histone variants (H1.1, H1.2, H1.4, H1.5) to confirm specificity within the H1 histone family.

• Multiple Antibody Validation: Compare staining patterns with other HIST1H1D antibodies targeting different epitopes (Ab-16, Ab-106) to confirm consistent localization patterns .

• Dual Labeling: Perform co-localization studies with antibodies against known interacting partners or nuclear markers.

• Dilution Series: Test a range of antibody dilutions to determine optimal signal-to-noise ratio and specificity threshold.

By implementing these controls systematically, researchers can confidently validate antibody specificity and minimize the risk of misinterpretation in experimental outcomes. Document all validation steps meticulously for publication purposes, as this represents the gold standard in antibody-based research methodologies.

What are common issues when using HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody and how can they be resolved?

When working with HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody, researchers may encounter several technical challenges. Here are common issues and their methodological solutions:

Weak or No Signal in IHC/IF:

• Cause: Insufficient antigen retrieval, improper antibody dilution, or degraded antibody

• Solution: Optimize antigen retrieval by testing different buffers (citrate pH 6.0 has been validated ) and methods (pressure cooker is recommended). Use fresher antibody aliquots and adjust dilution to the higher end of the recommended range (1:10 for IHC, 1:1 for IF) . Extend primary antibody incubation time to overnight at 4°C.

High Background Staining:

• Cause: Insufficient blocking, too concentrated antibody, non-specific binding

• Solution: Increase blocking time with 10% normal goat serum , use more dilute antibody solutions, add 0.1-0.3% Triton X-100 to reduce non-specific binding, and extend washing steps (3×10 minutes instead of 3×5).

Nuclear Envelope Staining Without Nucleoplasmic Signal:

• Cause: Incomplete permeabilization preventing antibody access to nucleoplasmic HIST1H1D

• Solution: Increase permeabilization time with 0.2% Triton X-100 to 15-20 minutes or try alternative permeabilization agents like methanol.

Inconsistent Staining Between Samples:

• Cause: Variations in fixation, processing, or antigen retrieval

• Solution: Standardize all pre-analytical variables; use consistent fixation times, identical processing methods, and perform batch staining when possible.

Cross-Reactivity with Other H1 Variants:

• Cause: Epitope similarity between HIST1H1D and other H1 variants

• Solution: Validate with peptide competition assays and HIST1H1D knockdown controls. Compare staining patterns with multiple HIST1H1D antibodies targeting different epitopes .

Poor Reproducibility in IF Between Experiments:

• Cause: Variations in cell culture conditions affecting HIST1H1D expression or accessibility

• Solution: Standardize cell culture conditions, passage number, and confluency. Fix cells at 60-70% confluence for optimal nuclear architecture preservation .

These troubleshooting approaches have been validated through extensive laboratory experience and should resolve most technical issues encountered with the HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody.

How can I quantitatively assess HIST1H1D expression patterns in different cell types?

To quantitatively assess HIST1H1D expression patterns across different cell types, implement this comprehensive methodological approach:

• Immunofluorescence Quantification:

  • Acquire z-stack images at consistent exposure settings using confocal microscopy

  • Use nuclear counterstain (DAPI) for cell identification and segmentation

  • Apply automated image analysis software (ImageJ/FIJI with Nuclear Intensity Quantification plugin) to:

    • Segment individual nuclei based on DAPI

    • Measure mean fluorescence intensity, integrated density, and distribution pattern of HIST1H1D staining in each nucleus

    • Analyze >100 cells per condition for statistical robustness

  • Normalize HIST1H1D signal to nuclear volume or DAPI intensity to account for variations in nuclear size

• Western Blot Quantification:

  • Extract nuclear proteins using dedicated nuclear extraction kits

  • Load equal amounts of nuclear protein (15-20μg) alongside recombinant HIST1H1D standards for absolute quantification

  • Use appropriate HIST1H1D antibody (Ab-106 is optimal for WB applications)

  • Normalize to nuclear loading controls such as Lamin B1 (not general loading controls like GAPDH)

  • Analyze band intensity using densitometry software with standard curves

• Flow Cytometry Analysis:

  • Fix and permeabilize cells using nuclear-optimized protocols

  • Stain with HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody followed by fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody

  • Include isotype controls and HIST1H1D-depleted controls

  • Measure median fluorescence intensity (MFI) across different cell populations

  • Analyze co-expression with cell cycle markers to assess cell-cycle dependent variations

• Quantitative ImmunoHistoChemistry (qIHC):

  • Use automated staining platforms for consistency

  • Include calibration slides with known quantities of target protein

  • Utilize digital pathology software for unbiased quantification of:

    • Percentage of positive nuclei

    • Staining intensity (0, 1+, 2+, 3+)

    • H-score calculation (sum of percentage of cells with each intensity level × intensity value)

• Multi-parametric Analysis:

  • Correlate HIST1H1D levels with cell cycle phase, differentiation markers, or other histone variants

  • Perform cluster analysis to identify distinct cell subpopulations based on HIST1H1D expression patterns

This multi-modal approach allows for robust quantitative assessment of HIST1H1D expression across different cell types, enabling meaningful comparisons and correlations with biological parameters.

How do fixation and sample preparation methods affect HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody performance?

Fixation and sample preparation significantly impact HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody performance, affecting epitope accessibility, signal intensity, and background levels. Different methods yield varying results:

Fixation Methods Comparison:

Critical Parameters for FFPE Tissue Processing:

• Fixation Duration: Overfixation (>48 hours) significantly reduces signal intensity by creating excessive crosslinks

• Processing Temperature: High temperatures during processing can denature epitopes

• Paraffin Embedding Quality: Air bubbles or incomplete paraffin infiltration compromise section integrity

• Section Thickness: 4-6μm sections optimal; thicker sections require adjusted antigen retrieval

• Section Age: Freshly cut sections yield better results than stored sections due to oxidation of epitopes

3. Antigen Retrieval Optimization:
For HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody, high-pressure heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) has been validated for optimal results . This method effectively breaks protein crosslinks formed during fixation without damaging tissue morphology. Alternative methods like EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) or enzymatic retrieval can be tested if standard protocols yield suboptimal results.

4. Permeabilization Considerations for Cell Preparations:
The 0.2% Triton X-100 permeabilization protocol (10 minutes at room temperature) has been validated for optimal nuclear penetration in cultured cells like PC-3 . Insufficient permeabilization is a common cause of weak or peripheral-only nuclear staining, as the antibody cannot access nucleoplasmic HIST1H1D.

5. Cell Culture Conditions Impact:
Cell culture conditions prior to fixation influence HIST1H1D detection. Cells should be in good health, at appropriate confluency (60-70%), and processed consistently between experiments. Serum starvation or differentiation protocols can alter HIST1H1D expression or distribution, affecting staining patterns.

By understanding and controlling these variables, researchers can achieve reproducible, specific staining of HIST1H1D using the Ab-34 antibody across different sample types and experimental designs.

How can HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody be used to study chromatin dynamics during cell cycle progression?

The HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody can be powerfully employed to investigate chromatin dynamics throughout the cell cycle through several sophisticated methodological approaches:

• Time-resolved Immunofluorescence Microscopy:

  • Synchronize cells at different cell cycle phases using established methods (double thymidine block for G1/S, nocodazole for G2/M)

  • Perform IF with HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody at optimal dilution (1:1.5-1:10)

  • Co-stain with cell cycle markers (cyclin B1 for G2/M, PCNA for S-phase)

  • Use live-cell imaging with cell-permeable DNA dyes to track cells prior to fixation

  • Analyze changes in HIST1H1D distribution patterns, intensity, and co-localization with other chromatin marks

• Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Sequencing:

  • Perform ChIP-seq with HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody on synchronized cell populations

  • Map HIST1H1D binding sites genome-wide at different cell cycle stages

  • Analyze differential binding at promoters, enhancers, and other regulatory elements

  • Compare with distribution of other histone variants and modifications

  • This approach has revealed distinct genomic distribution patterns for HIST1H1D compared to other H1 variants, particularly at promoters

• FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) Analysis:

  • Express tagged HIST1H1D in live cells

  • Validate proper localization using HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody in fixed cells

  • Perform FRAP experiments to measure binding dynamics (residence time, mobile fraction)

  • Compare kinetics across cell cycle phases to detect changes in chromatin association

• Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA):

  • Use HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody in combination with antibodies against cell cycle regulators

  • Detect protein-protein interactions within 40nm distance in situ

  • Quantify interaction signals throughout cell cycle progression

  • This reveals dynamic interaction partners of HIST1H1D during chromatin reorganization

• Multi-parameter Flow Cytometry:

  • Combine HIST1H1D (Ab-34) staining with DNA content analysis (PI staining)

  • Sort cells by cell cycle phase and analyze HIST1H1D levels

  • Correlate with expression of other histones and chromatin modifiers

  • Provides quantitative data on thousands of cells for robust statistical analysis

These methodologies leverage the specificity of the HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody to reveal how this linker histone variant contributes to chromatin remodeling during cell cycle progression, potentially uncovering phase-specific functions and regulatory mechanisms. Research using these approaches has demonstrated that HIST1H1D exhibits dynamic association with chromatin, with specific genomic redistribution during different cell cycle phases .

What insights can be gained by comparing HIST1H1D distribution with other histone variants using co-localization studies?

Co-localization studies comparing HIST1H1D with other histone variants provide profound insights into chromatin organization, gene regulation, and nuclear architecture. When using HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody in combination with antibodies against other histone proteins, researchers can uncover sophisticated regulatory mechanisms:

• Differential Distribution Patterns:

  • Compare HIST1H1D with other H1 variants (H1.0, H1.2, H1.4, H1.5, H1X) using multi-color IF

  • Map genome-wide distribution using sequential ChIP (ChIP-reChIP) or parallel ChIP-seq experiments

  • Research has revealed that while all H1 variants occur across the genome, HIST1H1D shows specific features at promoters compared to H1.2

  • Create high-resolution co-localization maps using super-resolution microscopy (STORM, PALM) to visualize subtle differences in nuclear distribution

• Correlation with Chromatin States:

  • Co-stain HIST1H1D with markers of:

    • Active chromatin (H3K4me3, H3K27ac)

    • Repressed chromatin (H3K9me3, H3K27me3)

    • Transcriptional elongation (H3K36me3)

  • Quantify co-localization coefficients (Pearson's, Mander's) in different nuclear regions

  • This reveals whether HIST1H1D preferentially associates with specific chromatin states

• Dynamics During Cellular Processes:

  • Compare redistribution patterns of HIST1H1D versus other histone variants during:

    • DNA damage response (co-stain with γH2AX)

    • Transcriptional activation (co-stain with RNA Pol II)

    • Cell differentiation (track changes over differentiation time course)

  • These studies reveal process-specific roles of different H1 variants

• Protein-Protein Interaction Networks:

  • Use proximity ligation assays (PLA) to detect in situ interactions between HIST1H1D and:

    • Other histone proteins

    • Chromatin modifiers (HDACs, HATs, methyltransferases)

    • Transcription factors

  • Quantify interaction frequencies in different cellular states

  • These networks help explain how HIST1H1D contributes to specific gene regulation programs

• 3D Nuclear Organization Analysis:

  • Combine HIST1H1D IF with chromosome territory FISH

  • Analyze spatial relationships with nuclear compartments (nucleolus, nuclear speckles, nuclear lamina)

  • Perform volume rendering and distance measurements

  • These analyses link HIST1H1D distribution to higher-order genome organization

Key insights from such studies include:

• HIST1H1D shows differential association with promoters compared to other H1 variants

• Each H1 variant, including HIST1H1D, controls the expression of different subsets of genes

• The genomic distribution of HIST1H1D correlates with specific chromatin features that differ from other H1 variants

• Post-translational modifications of HIST1H1D create distinct interaction profiles compared to other variants

These sophisticated co-localization approaches have transformed our understanding of linker histone biology, moving from viewing H1 variants as redundant structural components to recognizing their specific and complementary roles in genome organization and function.

How does HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody performance compare in cancer versus normal tissue analysis?

HIST1H1D (Ab-34) Antibody exhibits distinct performance characteristics when comparing cancer versus normal tissue analyses, providing valuable insights into disease-specific chromatin alterations:

• Differential Expression Patterns:

  • In normal tissues, HIST1H1D typically shows uniform nuclear distribution with moderate staining intensity when detected with the Ab-34 antibody

  • In cancer tissues, particularly breast and cervical cancers, altered expression patterns emerge:

    • Human cervical cancer tissues show intensified HIST1H1D staining with the Ab-106 antibody

    • Breast cancer cells (T47D) demonstrate distinct genomic distribution profiles revealed through ChIP-seq studies

    • These alterations may reflect cancer-specific chromatin reorganization

• Technical Considerations for Cancer Tissue Analysis:

  • Cancer tissues often require modified protocols:

    • Extended antigen retrieval times (15-20 minutes vs. standard 10 minutes)

    • Higher antibody concentrations (1:10 dilution optimal)

    • Additional blocking steps to reduce background in highly proliferative tissues

  • Tumor heterogeneity necessitates analysis of multiple tumor regions

  • Comparison with matched normal adjacent tissue provides internal controls

• Correlation with Clinical Parameters:

  • Quantitative analysis of HIST1H1D staining can reveal associations with:

    • Tumor grade and stage

    • Proliferation indices (Ki-67)

    • Patient outcomes

  • Different H1 variants have been differentially related to cancer processes , and HIST1H1D analysis may uncover specific prognostic value

• Multi-parametric Analysis in Cancer Studies:

  • Co-staining HIST1H1D with cancer markers provides mechanistic insights:

    • Hormone receptors in breast cancer

    • p53 status

    • DNA damage response markers

  • This approach reveals how HIST1H1D distribution correlates with oncogenic pathways

• Comparison of Different HIST1H1D Epitopes in Cancer Analysis:

  • The Ab-34 epitope may show different accessibility in cancer versus normal chromatin

  • Comparative studies using multiple HIST1H1D antibodies (Ab-16, Ab-34, Ab-106) can reveal epitope-specific changes in cancer chromatin

  • Post-translational modifications near the Ab-34 epitope may be altered in cancer, affecting antibody binding

• Cancer Cell Line Validation:

  • The Ab-34 antibody has been validated in cancer cell lines including PC-3 cells

  • Ab-106 shows strong reactivity in HeLa and K562 cancer cell lines

  • These validations confirm antibody utility across multiple cancer models