HTRA1 Antibody, FITC conjugated

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Description

Definition and Purpose

HTRA1 Antibody, FITC Conjugated is a fluorescently labeled immunoglobulin designed to bind specifically to HTRA1. FITC conjugation allows visualization under fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry, making it indispensable for:

  • Immunofluorescence (IF/ICC)

  • Western blotting (WB)

  • Flow cytometry (FC)

  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)

The conjugation process involves covalent attachment of FITC to the antibody, preserving its antigen-binding specificity while enabling fluorescence-based detection .

Neurodegenerative Disease Studies

HTRA1 interacts with amyloidogenic proteins like α-synuclein and TDP-43. FITC-conjugated antibodies have been used to:

  • Track HTRA1’s intracellular localization during α-synuclein disaggregation .

  • Monitor HTRA1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis patients, where elevated HTRA1 correlates with disease progression .

Ocular and Renal Research

  • In AMD models, FITC-labeled antibodies quantified HTRA1 inhibition efficacy in vitreous humor, showing dose-dependent activity suppression .

  • In membranous nephropathy (MN), anti-HTRA1 antibodies (IgG4 subclass) were detected using immunoblotting and ELISA, with FITC conjugates aiding in immune deposit localization .

Validation and Specificity

  • Knockout Validation: Antibodies like ab274322 (non-conjugated) demonstrate specificity via knockout cell lines, with no cross-reactivity in HTRA1-deficient HAP1 cells .

  • Proteomic Profiling: HTRA1-directed activity-based probes (ABPs) combined with FITC-conjugated antibodies identified substrates like Dickkopf-related protein 3 in ocular tissues .

Technical Considerations

  • Storage: Most FITC-conjugated antibodies require storage at -20°C with avoidance of freeze-thaw cycles .

  • Dilution Ranges:

    • IF/ICC: 1:50–1:500

    • Flow Cytometry: 0.40 µg/10⁶ cells

Clinical Relevance

  • Biomarker Potential: HTRA1 in CSF serves as a diagnostic marker for multiple sclerosis (AUC = 0.903 in ROC analysis) .

  • Therapeutic Targeting: Anti-HtrA1 Fab inhibitors, validated using FITC-based probes, show promise in preclinical AMD models .

Limitations and Future Directions

  • Cross-Reactivity: Some polyclonal antibodies may exhibit off-target binding without rigorous validation .

  • Emerging Roles: HTRA1’s chaperone activity in amyloid disaggregation warrants further exploration using fluorescence-based assays .

Product Specs

Buffer
Preservative: 0.03% Proclin 300
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Form
Liquid
Lead Time
Typically, we can ship your order within 1-3 business days after receiving it. The delivery timeframe may vary depending on the chosen purchasing method and location. For specific delivery time estimates, please consult your local distributors.
Synonyms
ARMD7 antibody; CARASIL antibody; High-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 antibody; HtrA antibody; HtrA serine peptidase 1 antibody; HTRA1 antibody; HTRA1_HUMAN antibody; IGFBP5 protease antibody; L56 antibody; ORF480 antibody; Protease serine 11 (IGF binding) antibody; protease serine 11 antibody; PRSS11 antibody; Serine protease 11 antibody; Serine protease HTRA1 antibody; Serine protease HTRA1 precursor antibody
Target Names
HTRA1
Uniprot No.

Target Background

Function
HTRA1 is a serine protease that exhibits a broad range of target substrates, including extracellular matrix proteins like fibronectin. HTRA1-generated fibronectin fragments further stimulate synovial cells to increase their production of MMP1 and MMP3. It can also degrade proteoglycans, such as aggrecan, decorin, and fibromodulin. This proteolytic activity of HTRA1 can release soluble FGF-glycosaminoglycan complexes, which enhance the reach and intensity of FGF signals in the extracellular environment. HTRA1 plays a role in regulating the availability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) by cleaving IGF-binding proteins. Furthermore, it inhibits signaling mediated by TGF-beta family members. While the mechanism of this activity requires the integrity of the catalytic site, it remains unclear whether TGF-beta proteins are directly degraded. By modulating TGF-beta signaling, HTRA1 potentially influences a variety of physiological processes, including retinal angiogenesis and neuronal survival and maturation during development. Intracellularly, HTRA1 degrades TSC2, thereby activating TSC2 downstream targets.
Gene References Into Functions
  1. Nuclear downregulation of HtrA1 is associated with a better prognosis in women with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. PMID: 30131069
  2. Case Report: Novel compound heterozygous mutations in HTRA1 causing CARASIL in a Chinese patient. PMID: 30068478
  3. HTRA1 regulates odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp cells through activation of the TGF-beta1/Smad signaling pathway. PMID: 29580722
  4. The aberrant expression of HTRA1 or HTRA4 might be involved in the onset of preeclampsia, and increased HTRA1 or HTRA4 expression could affect trophoblast functions. PMID: 30015931
  5. HtrA1 contributes to the development of keloid lesions as a matrix protease by remodeling keloid-specific ECM or cell surface molecules. PMID: 29695130
  6. Studies indicate a significantly different high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HtrA1) expression in cancer and non-cancer tissue [Meta-analysis]. PMID: 29409460
  7. HtrA1 overexpression further leads to impaired apical processes and decreased phagocytosis, an essential function for photoreceptor survival. PMID: 29269042
  8. Results suggest that HTRA1 is involved in the pathogenesis of scars through regulating activation of latent TGF-beta1 in keloid fibroblasts. PMID: 29412803
  9. The CADASIL-like family disease may be caused by heterozygous HTRA1 gene mutation, which leads to autosomal dominant hereditary cerebral small vessel disease. PMID: 29561953
  10. Case Report/Review: Novel missense mutation in HTRA1 associated with phenotype of CARASIL. PMID: 28628911
  11. The rs11200638-rs2672598 joint genotype AA-CC conferred a higher risk of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) than polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). PMID: 27338780
  12. A possible proteolytic processing mechanism of mutant TGFBIp by HTRA1 and peptides generated by the mutant protein may form the beta-amyloid core of corneal aggregates in Corneal dystrophic patients. PMID: 28689406
  13. HtrA1 Proteolysis of ApoE In Vitro Is Allele Selective PMID: 27379525
  14. The observation of this study further supports the pathogenic role of the heterozygous HTRA1 mutations in familial cerebral small vessel disease. PMID: 28782182
  15. These findings suggest that the variation in the risk for age-related macular degeneration associated with chromosome 10q26 is likely due to variation in HTRA1 expression. PMID: 28659708
  16. HtrA1 role in cisplatin resistance in colon cancer PMID: 28667026
  17. HtrA1 could serve as a marker to identify ulcerative colitis of >10 year duration patients at high risk of developing colorectal cancer. PMID: 28586045
  18. To our knowledge, this is the first time the association between rs11200638 and overall age-related macular degeneration has been reported in South America. PMID: 28846052
  19. Because the ARMS2/HTRA1 genes are positioned at a locus on chromosome 10q26 in a region with strong linkage disequilibrium, it is challenging to distinguish the functions of the individual genes. A review of recent epidemiological studies of Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is offered. An argument for a definite correlation between the ARMS2 gene and AMD is presented. PMID: 28583181
  20. The expression of HtrA1 was strongly related to the T2 value, suggesting that HtrA1 plays a significant role in the pathological process of intervertebral disc degeneration. PMID: 28432852
  21. These results suggest that the initiation stage of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy is mediated by proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix proteins attributable to increased HTRA1 activity. PMID: 28941979
  22. The findings of the present study provide evidence that CFH gene variants and ARMS2/HTRA1 genes play a major role in the genetic susceptibility to AMD in a Greek population. These findings are directly relevant for disease understanding and help in mapping the genetic profile of AMD. PMID: 26848857
  23. The function of the binding between MIF and HTRA1 is to inhibit the proteolytic activity of HTRA1. PMID: 28726057
  24. Results show that HTRA1 is epigenetically silenced in HCT116 colon carcinoma cells and during early stages of tumorigenesis in a mouse model of intestinal cancer. Downregulation of HTRA1 causes a multiple phenotypes that are hallmarks of cancer cells including increased proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, as well as chromosome and centrosome amplifications. PMID: 27388476
  25. High HTRA1 expression is associated with cervical cell proliferation. PMID: 27809811
  26. Data indicate HtrA serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) involvement in Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. PMID: 27841854
  27. Variants in HTRA1 are not associated with age-related macular degeneration. PMID: 27879347
  28. Results show the heterozygous missense mutations p.G283E, p.P285L, p.R302Q, and p.T319I in the HTRA1 gene in 8 patients with symptomatic cerebral small vessel disease; mutant HTRA1s observed in manifesting heterozygotes might result in an impaired HTRA1 activation cascade or be unable to form stable trimers. PMID: 27164673
  29. FN and HtrA1 are localized in the placental key growth zones, suggesting a pivotal role in maintaining the balance among the molecules involved in placental development and differentiation. PMID: 28076935
  30. Correlation between TGFb1 and pSmad2 as well as between HtrA1 and TGFb1, and the very significant increase of Ki67 in the stromal compartment of eutopic endometrium suggest a possible involvement of HtrA1 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. PMID: 26708185
  31. Two synonymous polymorphisms in exon 1 of the HTRA1 gene result in a protein with altered thermophoretic properties. PMID: 26310622
  32. Significant increase of serum HtrA1 in early-onset pre-eclampsia. PMID: 26187609
  33. A frameshift mutation in the HTRA1 gene detected in a CARASIL pedigree resulted in reduced HTRA1 protein and increased TGF-beta1 expression, which may cause severe CARASIL and peripheral small arterial disease. PMID: 25772074
  34. Human HTRA1 expression is enhanced by Age-related macular degeneration-specific indel mutation in the promoter region of the HTRA1 gene, and this enhanced HTRA1 may be associated with inducing retinal neovascularization. PMID: 27125063
  35. Results do not conclusively support HTRA1 as a tumor suppressor but suggest its possible prognostic role in many human tumors. PMID: 26035313
  36. Studies indicate that the high-risk allele of the 10q26 locus encompasses three genes, PLEKHA1, ARMS2, and HTRA1 with high linkage disequilibrium. PMID: 26427389
  37. Low HtrA1 expression is associated with gastric cancer. PMID: 25761858
  38. HtrA1 expression was closely related to EMT, which might be a potential mechanism underlying metastasis of HCC. PMID: 26403966
  39. Low HtrA1 expression is significantly related to breast cancer poor prognosis parameters, and HtrA1 loss in sentinel nodes is related to metastasis of non-sentinel nodes. PMID: 25530301
  40. It was concluded that high expression of HtrA1 could significantly reverse multidrug resistance of hepatoma cells by targeting XIAP. PMID: 25776486
  41. The growth of choroidal neovascularization in AMD would be affected by 2 genes: MMP20, a newly confirmed gene expressed in the retina, and ARMS2/HTRA1, a well-known susceptibility gene for AMD. PMID: 26337002
  42. HtrA1 appeared as an immunohistochemical marker to predict the behavior of meningioma, mainly recurrence. PMID: 25687108
  43. HtrA1 plays a positive role in human periodontal ligament cells osteogenic differentiation and may regulate this process by TGFB1. PMID: 25726184
  44. In this study, we found that the interaction of ARMS2 and ARMS2/HTRA1 is significantly associated with nAMD, and the interaction of CFH and ARMS2 is pronounced in PCV development in the Chinese population. PMID: 25771815
  45. HtrA1 expression in plasma cells could be correlated with the destruction of pathological periodontal tissue. PMID: 24979214
  46. Central but not peripheral drusen location was strongly associated with both [CFH HTRA1] and [CFH HTRA1]. Only [CFH HTRA1] was significantly associated with increased central drusen area. PMID: 25627090
  47. Heterozygous HTRA1 mutations are an important cause of familial small vessel disease. PMID: 26063658
  48. Silence of the HTRA1 gene was associated with significantly higher levels of TGF-beta1, BMP4, and BMP2 mRNA and reduction in the proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells. PMID: 25550099
  49. Gene variants in CFH, ARMS2, and HTRA1 are related to an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration in a northern Chinese population. PMID: 24865190
  50. Alpha-1-antitrypsin as substrate of HTRA1 synthetic. PMID: 25329061

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Database Links

HGNC: 9476

OMIM: 600142

KEGG: hsa:5654

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000357980

UniGene: Hs.501280

Involvement In Disease
Macular degeneration, age-related, 7 (ARMD7); Cerebral arteriopathy, autosomal recessive, with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL); Cerebral arteriopathy, autosomal dominant, with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, 2 (CADASIL2)
Protein Families
Peptidase S1C family
Subcellular Location
Cell membrane. Secreted. Cytoplasm, cytosol.
Tissue Specificity
Widely expressed, with strongest expression in placenta (at protein level). Secreted by synovial fibroblasts. Up-regulated in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluids and cartilage as compared with non-arthritic (at protein level).

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