HXK2 Antibody
Description
Definition and Target
HXK2 Antibody refers to monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies designed to bind specifically to hexokinase II, a 100-kDa enzyme encoded by the HK2 gene on human chromosome 2. This enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the rate-limiting step in glycolysis . HXK2 is overexpressed in cancers and insulin-responsive tissues, making it a key biomarker for metabolic and oncological studies .
Functional Significance of HXK2
HXK2’s roles include:
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Metabolic Regulation: Localizes to mitochondria to couple glycolysis with oxidative phosphorylation .
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Anti-Apoptotic Activity: Binds VDAC to inhibit cytochrome c release and promote cell survival .
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Nuclear Functions: In yeast, HXK2 regulates glucose repression of genes by translocating to the nucleus under high glucose .
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Immune Modulation: In breast cancer, HXK2 upregulates PD-L1 expression, suppressing CD8⁺ T-cell infiltration and correlating with poor prognosis .
Research Applications
HXK2 antibodies are used in:
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Western Blotting: Detects ~100–105 kDa bands in tissues like skeletal muscle and cancer cell lines .
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Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Identifies HXK2 overexpression in breast, glioblastoma, and renal cancers .
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Immunofluorescence (IF): Visualizes mitochondrial and nuclear localization in yeast and mammalian cells .
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Co-Immunoprecipitation: Validates interactions with VDAC, Mig1, and Bcl-Xl .
Table 1: HXK2 in Disease Mechanisms
Clinical and Therapeutic Relevance
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Diagnostic Use: HXK2 IHC staining distinguishes malignant tissues (e.g., triple-negative breast cancer) from benign lesions .
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Therapeutic Target: Inhibiting HXK2 disrupts glycolysis and enhances chemotherapy sensitivity in glioblastoma .
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Immune Checkpoint Link: HXK2-mediated PD-L1 upregulation suggests potential for combined metabolic/immune therapies .
Challenges and Limitations
Product Specs
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Target Background
- Vma3p protects cells against apoptosis through the regulation of HXK2 expression. PMID: 28899778
- Deletion of AIF1 in hxk2Delta cells enhances survival after induction of apoptosis with both H2O2 and acetic acid, rescues the reduction of both growth rate and cell size, abrogates both H2O2 and acetic acid-induced ROS accumulation and decreases cell death, suggesting that Aif1 might be involved in both H2O2 and acetic acid-induced cell death in hxk2Delta cells. PMID: 26895787
- Hxk2 constitutes an intracellular glucose sensor that operates by changing its conformation in response to cytoplasmic glucose levels that regulate its interaction with Mig1 and thus its recruitment to the repressor complex of theSUC2promoter. PMID: 26865637
- Ymr291w/Tda1 is likely to contribute to glucose signaling in S. cerevisiae on the level of ScHxk2-S15 phosphorylation in a situation of limited external glucose availability PMID: 25593311
- A functional link between Hxk2, Reg1, and Snf1 signaling, which involves the regulation of Hxk2 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of serine 14. PMID: 23066030
- Deletion of YMR291W/TDA1 resulted in the absence of the Hxk2 phosphomonomer, indicating an indispensable role of the corresponding protein in Hxk2 phosphorylation. PMID: 22289182
- Data demonstrated that Hxk2(wca) mutant maintained full regulatory function because the glucose-repression signalling of the wild-type machinery is maintained. PMID: 20815814
- A model that explains how low-glucose levels repress HXK2 gene expression. PMID: 16528100
- Overproduction of Hap4p behaved similar to the wild-type strain, deletion of hxk2 resulted in a very different fermentative capacity profile. PMID: 18179578
- Data suggest that conformational transition of hexokinase B is reversible, and irreversibility is due to aggregation, as a major cause. PMID: 18715685
- Hxk2 phosphorylation at serine 14 promotes Hxk2 export by facilitating the association of Hxk2 with Xpo1. PMID: 19525230
- The trehalose pathway is shown to regulate the mitochondrial enzymatic content in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMID: 19620241
KEGG: sce:YGL253W
STRING: 4932.YGL253W
