MTOR Antibody, Biotin conjugated
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Description
Mechanism of Action
Biotinylated MTOR antibodies bind specifically to MTOR domains involved in:
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Immunometabolic regulation: MTOR integrates signals from receptors like TACI (transmembrane activator and CAML interactor) to drive B-cell proliferation and antibody class switching .
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Cellular survival: MTORC1/2 complexes regulate pre-B cell development via AKT and FOXO1 pathways .
Biotin-streptavidin amplification enables precise localization in tissues (e.g., human colon cancer ) or quantification in lysates.
Key Techniques
Research Findings
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B-cell development: Conditional Mtor deletion blocks pre-B cell proliferation and antibody production, highlighting MTOR’s role in early B-cell maturation .
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Immunoglobulin class switching: MTORC1 inhibition enhances IgG production via FoxO transcription factors .
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Cancer pathways: MTOR activation correlates with tumor progression, detectable via biotinylated antibodies in IHC .
Validation and Quality Control
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Specificity: Validated via knockout models (e.g., Mtor KO B cells show no signal ).
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Sensitivity: Detects MTOR at concentrations as low as 1 ng/mL in ELISA .
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Cross-reactivity: Some antibodies react with rat/mouse MTOR homologs (>90% sequence similarity) .
Challenges and Troubleshooting
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Background noise: Optimize blocking with 10% serum and reduce biotinylated antibody concentration .
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Cross-reactivity: Pre-adsorb antibodies with non-target peptides .
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Storage issues: Use cryoprotectants (e.g., trehalose) for carrier-free formulations .
Key Research Insights
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MTOR signaling in B cells is essential for antibody responses to T-cell-independent antigens (e.g., polysaccharides) .
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In cancer, MTOR overexpression detected via biotinylated antibodies correlates with poor prognosis .
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Pharmacological inhibition of MTOR enhances vaccine-induced antibody class switching .
Future Directions
Product Specs
Buffer
Preservative: 0.03% Proclin 300
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Form
Liquid
Lead Time
Typically, we can ship your orders within 1-3 business days of receiving them. Delivery times may vary depending on the method of purchase and your location. Please consult your local distributor for specific delivery time information.
Synonyms
dJ576K7.1 (FK506 binding protein 12 rapamycin associated protein 1) antibody; FK506 binding protein 12 rapamycin associated protein 1 antibody; FK506 binding protein 12 rapamycin associated protein 2 antibody; FK506 binding protein 12 rapamycin complex associated protein 1 antibody; FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin complex-associated protein 1 antibody; FKBP rapamycin associated protein antibody; FKBP12 rapamycin complex associated protein antibody; FKBP12-rapamycin complex-associated protein 1 antibody; FKBP12-rapamycin complex-associated protein antibody; FLJ44809 antibody; FRAP antibody; FRAP1 antibody; FRAP2 antibody; Mammalian target of rapamycin antibody; Mechanistic target of rapamycin antibody; mTOR antibody; MTOR_HUMAN antibody; OTTHUMP00000001983 antibody; RAFT1 antibody; Rapamycin and FKBP12 target 1 antibody; Rapamycin associated protein FRAP2 antibody; Rapamycin target protein 1 antibody; Rapamycin target protein antibody; RAPT1 antibody; Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR antibody
Target Names
Uniprot No.
Target Background
Function
MTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase that serves as a pivotal regulator of cellular metabolism, growth, and survival in response to signals from hormones, growth factors, nutrients, energy, and stress. It directly or indirectly regulates the phosphorylation of at least 800 proteins. MTOR functions within two structurally and functionally distinct signaling complexes: mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2). Activated mTORC1 upregulates protein synthesis by phosphorylating key regulators of mRNA translation and ribosome synthesis. This includes phosphorylation of EIF4EBP1, releasing its inhibitory effect on the elongation initiation factor 4E (eiF4E). Additionally, it phosphorylates and activates RPS6KB1 and RPS6KB2, promoting protein synthesis by modulating the activity of their downstream targets, including ribosomal protein S6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor EIF4B, and the inhibitor of translation initiation PDCD4. This also includes the mTORC1 signaling cascade controlling the MiT/TFE factors TFEB and TFE3. Under nutrient-rich conditions, mTORC1 mediates phosphorylation of TFEB and TFE3, leading to their cytosolic retention and inactivation. However, upon starvation or lysosomal stress, mTORC1 inhibition triggers dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3, promoting their transcription factor activity. MTOR stimulates the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway through both acute regulation via RPS6KB1-mediated phosphorylation of the biosynthetic enzyme CAD, and delayed regulation through transcriptional enhancement of the pentose phosphate pathway. This pathway produces 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), an allosteric activator of CAD at a later step in synthesis. This function is dependent on the mTORC1 complex. MTOR regulates ribosome synthesis by activating RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription through phosphorylation and inhibition of MAF1, an RNA polymerase III-repressor. Along with protein synthesis, MTOR also regulates lipid synthesis via SREBF1/SREBP1 and LPIN1. To maintain energy homeostasis, mTORC1 can regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through the regulation of PPARGC1A. Additionally, mTORC1 negatively regulates autophagy by phosphorylating ULK1. Under nutrient-sufficient conditions, it phosphorylates ULK1 at Ser-758, disrupting its interaction with AMPK and preventing activation of ULK1. MTOR also inhibits autophagy by phosphorylating the autophagy inhibitor DAP. It further prevents autophagy by phosphorylating RUBCNL/Pacer under nutrient-rich conditions. MTOR prevents autophagy by mediating phosphorylation of AMBRA1, thereby inhibiting its ability to mediate ubiquitination of ULK1 and interaction between AMBRA1 and PPP2CA. MTOR exerts a feedback control on upstream growth factor signaling that includes phosphorylation and activation of GRB10, an INSR-dependent signaling suppressor. Among other potential targets, MTOR may phosphorylate CLIP1 and regulate microtubules. As part of the mTORC2 complex, MTOR may regulate other cellular processes including survival and organization of the cytoskeleton. It plays a critical role in the phosphorylation at Ser-473 of AKT1, a pro-survival effector of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, facilitating its activation by PDK1. MTORc2 may regulate the actin cytoskeleton through phosphorylation of PRKCA, PXN, and activation of the Rho-type guanine nucleotide exchange factors RHOA and RAC1A or RAC1B. MTORc2 also regulates the phosphorylation of SGK1 at Ser-422. MTOR regulates osteoclastogenesis by adjusting the expression of CEBPB isoforms. It plays a significant regulatory role in the circadian clock function; regulating period length and rhythm amplitude of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and liver clocks. MTOR phosphorylates SQSTM1, promoting interaction between SQSTM1 and KEAP1 and subsequent inactivation of the BCR(KEAP1) complex.
Gene References Into Functions
- Silencing of TRPC5 and inhibition of autophagy reverse adriamycin drug resistance in breast carcinoma via the CaMKKbeta/AMPKalpha/mTOR pathway. PMID: 28600513
- Studies indicate that understanding mTOR network circuitry will provide insight into its deregulation in diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. However, modeling in silico to elucidate how insulin activates mTORC2 remains poorly defined. PMID: 22457328
- The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) inhibitor, BCH, reduces the phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The mTOR inhibitor, temsirolimus, neutralizes the stimulation of interleukin-17 on LAT1. PMID: 29198077
- These results demonstrate that under stressful conditions, maintained mTORC1 signaling in cancer cells promotes survival by suppressing endogenous DNA damage and may control cell fate through the regulation of CHK1. PMID: 28484242
- Results indicate that ASCT2 and pmTOR protein levels are significantly higher in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissues and are predictive of a poor prognosis. The expression levels of ASCT2 and pmTOR in EOC are positively correlated, suggesting a synergistic effect on the growth and development of early EOC. PMID: 30272366
- DEPTOR interaction with mTOR represses its kinase activity and rewires the mTOR signaling pathway. [review] PMID: 29897294
- Both SphK1 overexpression and S1P addition increased mTOR phosphorylation as shown by ELISA, while S1PR2 inhibition had the inverse effect. These data suggest that CerS6 and SphK1 regulate mTOR signaling in breast cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, mTOR activity can be regulated by the balance between S1P and C16ceramide, which is generated by CerS6. PMID: 30226616
- The study demonstrates that miR-495 exerts promotive effects on GC chemosensitivity via inactivation of the mTOR signaling pathway by suppressing ERBB2. This research provides reliable evidence supporting the use of miR-495 as a potential novel target in the chemotherapy of GC. PMID: 30147110
- A functional convergence between the mTOR pathway and IFITM3 proteins at endolysosomal membranes has been observed. PMID: 30301809
- Data on TFEB nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling suggest an unpredicted role of mTOR in nuclear export. PMID: 30120233
- This review assesses the use of mTOR inhibitors to treat age-related pathologies, discusses possible molecular mechanisms of action where evidence is available, and considers strategies to minimize undesirable side effects. PMID: 30096787
- The expression of CXCR4 and mTOR were found to be negatively correlated with remission. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a significant decrease in the rate of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients positive for CXCR4 and mTOR expression. PMID: 28952842
- Results demonstrate that SSd induces autophagy through the CaMKKbeta-AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway in Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) cells, indicating that SSd might be a potential therapy for ADPKD and that SERCA might be a new target for ADPKD treatment. PMID: 29675630
- Findings indicate that shikonin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in human endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) cells by modulating the miR-106b/PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, suggesting shikonin could act as a potential therapeutic agent in the EEC treatment. PMID: 29449346
- The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway promotes aerobic glycolysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating pyruvate kinase M2 isoform. PMID: 29916308
- The p53 dependence of Plk2 loss and tumor suppressor function in relationship to mTOR signaling may have therapeutic implications. PMID: 29448085
- Expression of miRNAs Targeting mTOR and S6K1 Genes of the mTOR Signaling Pathway, including miR-96, miR-557, and miR-3182, in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. PMID: 29862445
- These findings uncover a novel mechanism by which PML loss may contribute to mTOR activation and cancer progression via dysregulation of basal DDIT4 gene expression. PMID: 28332630
- High mTOR expression is associated with periodontitis. PMID: 30218719
- This review intends to provide an outline of the principal biological and molecular functions of mTOR. PMID: 30110936
- High mTOR expression is associated with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Metastasis. PMID: 29386088
- High mTOR expression is associated with prostate cancer. PMID: 29566977
- Studies indicate that dysregulation leads to a number of metabolic pathological conditions, including obesity and type 2 diabetes [Review]. PMID: 30011848
- In ASS1-knockout cells, DEPTOR, an inhibitor of mTORC1 signal, was downregulated, and mTORC1 signaling was more activated in response to arginine. PMID: 28358054
- This review addresses the role of mTOR-dependent autophagy dysfunction in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, focusing mainly on psychiatric syndromes including schizophrenia and drug addiction. [review] PMID: 30061532
- This article reviews the role of mTOR in cellular processes involved in cancer cachexia and highlights the studies supporting the contribution of mTOR in cancer cachexia. [review] PMID: 30061533
- High mTOR expression is associated with aggressive pathology in urologic cancers. PMID: 29657089
- miR-212 and mTOR signaling may form a positive regulation loop in maintaining cellular homeostasis. PMID: 30021100
- High p-mTOR expression is associated with increased lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in prostate adenocarcinoma. PMID: 29544697
- RIO kinase 3 (RIOK3) positively regulates the activity of the AKT/mTOR pathway in glioma cells. PMID: 29233656
- Targeted profiling of RNA translation reveals mTOR-4EBP1/2-independent translation regulation of mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins. PMID: 30224479
- Results show that mTOR expression is regulated by PPP2R2D, which influences its protein phosphorylation level, contributing to gastric cancer progression. PMID: 29568966
- Quantitative mass spectrometry of IAV1918-infected cells was performed to measure host protein dysregulation. Selected proteins were validated by immunoblotting, and phosphorylation levels of members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were assessed. PMID: 29866590
- Using an mTOR-specific signaling pathway phospho array, we revealed that NVPBEZ235 significantly decreased phosphorylation of 4EBP1 (Thr70), the downstream target of mTORC1. PMID: 29845289
- The essential role of mTOR in the endocrine therapy resistance in estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. [review] PMID: 29086897
- MiR-206 inhibits the development of epithelial ovarian cancer cells by directly targeting c-Met and inhibiting the c-Met/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. PMID: 29807226
- Our findings identified LSD1 as a novel negative regulator of autophagy through the mTOR signaling pathway in ovarian cancer HO8910 cells and indicated that LSD1 may function as a driving factor of ovarian cancer progression via deregulating autophagy. PMID: 29749504
- These results suggest that silibinin induced glioblastoma cell apoptosis concomitant with autophagy, which might be due to simultaneous inhibition of mTOR and YAP, and silibinin induced autophagy exerted a protective role against cell apoptosis in both A172 and SR cells. PMID: 29780826
- BEX4 positively regulated the expression of OCT4, silencing of which reduced the proliferation of A549 and H1975 cells with over-expressed BEX4. PMID: 29660335
- The study demonstrates that high mTOR expression is associated with poor clinical outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PMID: 29076004
- mTOR drives innate-like antibody responses by linking proximal transmembrane activator and CAML interactor signaling events with distal immunometabolic transcription programs. PMID: 29133782
- Piperine reduced the expression of pAkt, MMP9, and pmTOR. Together, these data indicate that piperine may serve as a promising novel therapeutic agent to better overcome prostate cancer metastasis. PMID: 29488612
- Generation of 2-hydroxyglutarate by mutated IDH1/2 leads to the activation of mTOR by inhibiting KDM4A. PMID: 27624942
- High mTOR expression is associated with gastric cancer. PMID: 29328491
- The authors demonstrate that, particularly when autophagy is upregulated, varicella-zoster virus inhibits mTOR-mediated late-stage autophagic flux, likely at the point where autophagosomes and lysosomes fuse or where vesicle contents are degraded. Importantly, inhibition of autophagy yields higher varicella-zoster virus titers. PMID: 30053655
- Identification of a functional mTOR targeted multigene signature robustly discriminates between normal prostate tissues, primary tumors, and hormone refractory metastatic samples but is also predictive of cancer recurrence. PMID: 28724614
- 2-ME reduced the production of CTGF and collagen I in SSc fibroblasts induced by hypoxia through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1alpha signaling pathway and inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts. These findings suggest that 2-ME could be employed as a promising antifibrotic therapy for SSc. PMID: 29905853
- miR33a5p inhibited the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells, enhanced the antitumor effect of celastrol, and improved sensitivity to celastrol by targeting mTOR in lung adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. PMID: 29484434
- miR-181 may be a novel and important regulator of cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer by serving a role in the regulation of apoptosis, as an established rate-limiting miRNA target. PMID: 29484437
- Evaluation of the potential mechanism demonstrated that TRIM28 promoted cervical cancer cell growth by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. In support of this finding, TRIM28-induced cell proliferation was abolished by treatment with everolimus, a specific mTOR inhibitor. PMID: 29393469
Database Links
Involvement In Disease
Smith-Kingsmore syndrome (SKS); Focal cortical dysplasia 2 (FCORD2)
Protein Families
PI3/PI4-kinase family
Subcellular Location
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. Golgi apparatus membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. Mitochondrion outer membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. Lysosome. Cytoplasm. Nucleus, PML body. Microsome membrane. Lysosome membrane. Cytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed in numerous tissues, with highest levels in testis.
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