NAD9 Antibody

NAD9 in Plant Mitochondrial Genetics

The nad9 gene encodes a subunit of respiratory complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) in plant mitochondria. Key studies ( ) demonstrate its critical role in cellular respiration and development:

• Knockout Effects: Targeted deletion of nad9 in tobacco plants via TALEN editing caused impaired complex I assembly, male sterility, and developmental defects in leaves/flowers.

• Rescue Mechanism: Nuclear expression of functional Nad9 protein restored wild-type phenotypes, enabling synthetic cytoplasmic male sterility systems for hybrid breeding.

Table 1: Phenotypic Effects of nad9 Knockout in Tobacco

Antibodies Targeting NAD+-Related Proteins

While no "NAD9 antibody" exists in the literature, antibodies against NAD+-associated enzymes have been explored:

eNAMPT (Extracellular Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase)

• Function: Catalyzes NAD+ biosynthesis and acts as a cytokine. Elevated eNAMPT levels correlate with cancer progression and inflammatory diseases ( ).

• Therapeutic Antibody: A humanized monoclonal antibody (ALT-100) targeting eNAMPT showed efficacy in preclinical prostate cancer models:

  • Reduced tumor invasion/metastasis ( ).

  • Suppressed NFκB signaling and improved survival in xenograft mice ( ).

Table 2: Preclinical Efficacy of ALT-100 mAb in Prostate Cancer Models

NAMPT Inhibitors in Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)

NAMPT inhibitors have been conjugated to antibodies for targeted cancer therapy ( ):

• Mechanism: NAMPT inhibition depletes intracellular NAD+, inducing metabolic stress and apoptosis.

• Example ADC: Anti-c-Kit ADCs with NAMPT payloads demonstrated nanomolar cytotoxicity in gastrointestinal stromal tumor models ( ).

Table 3: Cytotoxicity of NAMPT-Based ADCs

Natural Antibodies (NAb) and Neutralizing Antibodies

The term "NAb" in immunology refers to Natural Antibodies or Neutralizing Antibodies, not "NAD9":

• Natural Antibodies: Germline-encoded IgM/IgG with broad antigen recognition, critical for innate immunity ( ).

• Neutralizing Antibodies (vs. AAV9): Pre-existing anti-AAV9 NAbs in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients (42% prevalence) may hinder gene therapy efficacy ( ).