OPRK1 Antibody, HRP conjugated
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Description
Definition and Mechanism
The OPRK1 antibody targets the κ-Opioid Receptor, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed in the brain and peripheral tissues. It binds endogenous ligands (e.g., dynorphins) and synthetic opioids, modulating pain perception, anxiety, and addiction pathways . The HRP conjugation enables enzymatic amplification of target detection via chromogenic substrates (e.g., TMB, DAB), enhancing assay sensitivity .
Western Blotting (WB)
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Detects OPRK1 protein in lysates from brain, spinal cord, or peripheral tissues .
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Example: A study using a polyclonal OPRK1 antibody (unconjugated) identified two isoforms (33 kDa/42 kDa) in rat brain lysates .
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
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Localizes OPRK1 in brain regions like the hypothalamus and amygdala .
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HRP-conjugated antibodies are compatible with chromogenic detection (e.g., DAB staining) .
ELISA
Anxiety and Pain Modulation
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OPRK1-expressing neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) regulate anxiety-like behaviors. Chemogenetic activation of BLA KORs reduced anxiety in female mice without altering nociceptive thresholds .
Feeding Behavior
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Hypothalamic OPRK1 interacts with ghrelin receptors to modulate orexigenic responses. Silencing OPRK1 in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) attenuated ghrelin-induced feeding .
Addiction Pathways
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Variants in the OPRK1 gene correlate with alcohol dependence and opioid addiction. HRP-conjugated antibodies could aid in identifying receptor changes in addiction models .
Comparison with Other OPRK1 Antibodies
Product Specs
Buffer
Preservative: 0.03% Proclin 300
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Form
Liquid
Lead Time
Typically, we are able to ship products within 1-3 business days after receiving your order. The delivery timeframe may vary depending on the purchase method and location. We recommend consulting your local distributor for specific delivery details.
Synonyms
OPRK1; OPRK; Kappa-type opioid receptor; K-OR-1; KOR-1
Target Names
Uniprot No.
Target Background
Function
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR), encoded by the OPRK1 gene, is a G-protein coupled receptor that serves as a receptor for endogenous peptides like alpha-neoendorphins and dynorphins. It exhibits low affinity for beta-endorphins. KOR also functions as a receptor for various synthetic opioids and the psychoactive diterpene salvinorin A. Ligand binding initiates a conformational change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), modulating the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. This signaling cascade leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. KOR further inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. This receptor plays a crucial role in pain perception, mediating reduced physical activity upon treatment with synthetic opioids, and regulating salivation in response to synthetic opioids. It may also play a role in arousal and regulating autonomic and neuroendocrine functions.
Gene References Into Functions
- Variants within the OPRK1 gene have shown a significant association with the susceptibility to opioid dependence among Iranians. PMID: 28786760
- Downregulation of KOR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor tissues has a strong association with poor prognosis, suggesting that KOR might be a potential tumor suppressor. PMID: 28821282
- In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) subjected to artificial hyperlipidemia, selective agonists and antagonists revealed that kappa-opioid receptor stimulation normalizes endothelial ultrastructure and function under hyperlipidemic conditions via the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. PMID: 27226238
- The OPRK1/kappa-opioid receptor pathway has been found to be downregulated in lesional skin of psoriasis, correlating positively with itch sensation. PMID: 27958613
- Research indicates that KOR can form a heterodimer with the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R). This interaction leads to increased protein kinase A activity through the CREB signaling pathway, resulting in a significant increase in cell proliferation. PMID: 28069442
- Promoter fragments of OPRK1 and OPRM1 (mu-opioid receptor) have been shown to upregulate gene expression in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. PMID: 27838450
- Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) siRNA knockdown has been observed to diminish the increase of endogenous HIF-1alpha messages and the desferrioxamine (DFO)-induced increase of kappa-opioid receptor (hKOR) expression. PMID: 28117678
- Genetic association studies in a Danish population suggest that carriers/heterozygotes of the C allele (CC/CT) of OPRK SNP rs6473799 report a 30.4% higher mechanical visceral pain tolerance threshold than non-carriers. PMID: 27061127
- Molecular switches within the kappa opioid receptor triggered by 6'-GNTI and 5'-GNTI have been described. PMID: 26742690
- Studies provide evidence for genetic modulation of opioid withdrawal severity. PMID: 26692286
- Hypermethylation of the OPRK1 promoter might increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through its regulation of OPRK1 gene expression. PMID: 26300544
- The orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) and KOR heterodimerize. This heterodimer associates with Galphas, leading to increased protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway activity, including upregulation of intracellular cAMP levels. PMID: 25866368
- The structure of the dynorphin (1-13) peptide (dynorphin) bound to the human kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been determined by liquid-state NMR spectroscopy. PMID: 26372966
- RGS2 and RGS4 are newly identified interacting partners that play key roles in G protein coupling to negatively regulate kappa-OmicronR signaling. PMID: 25289860
- Data from crystallographic structures of the mouse mu-opioid receptor (MOPr) and human kappa-opioid receptor (KOPr) indicate putative interfacial interactions. PMID: 24651466
- Three experimental procedures, namely co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assay, and immunofluorescence microscopy, have been utilized to evaluate the interaction between hKOPR and 14-3-3zeta. PMID: 25293321
- Differential DNA-protein interactions of PDYN and OPRK1 SNPs significantly associated with alcohol dependence have been studied. PMID: 25177835
- Results suggest that kappa receptor availability within an amygdala-cingulate cortex-striatal circuit mediates the phenotypic expression of trauma-related loss (i.e., dysphoria) symptoms. PMID: 25229257
- Low OPRK1 expression has been associated with liver metastases of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors. PMID: 25241033
- Data indicate that replacing the 3-hydroxyl substituent of the 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) group of JDTic with a H, F, or Cl substituent leads to potent and selective kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists. PMID: 25133923
- Findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms in OPRK1 were associated with body weight, alcohol use, and opioid withdrawal symptoms in patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). PMID: 24525640
- Research suggests that methamphetamine-induced early autophagic response is a survival mechanism for apoptotic endothelial cells and is mediated through the kappa opioid receptor. PMID: 24603327
- No difference was observed between responders and non-responders to buprenorphine therapy in the frequency of OPRK1 SNP among heroin-dependent patients. PMID: 24274990
- Neurocognitive and neuroinflammatory correlates of OPRK1 mRNA expression in the anterior cingulate have been studied in postmortem brain of HIV-infected subjects. PMID: 24405578
- This study indicates that a patient's OPRK1 genotype could be used to identify individuals for whom vaccine treatment may be an effective pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence. PMID: 23995774
- OPRK1 rs6989250 C>G has been associated with stress-induced craving and cortisol levels, hyperactive hypothalamus/thalamus-midbrain-cerebellum responses, and also associated with greater subsequent cocaine relapse risk. PMID: 23962922
- Data suggest that dynorphin A (DynA) is a ligand for the opioid receptor kappa (KOR). Upon DynA binding, only small chemical shifts are observed in the second extracellular loop of KOR. Chemical shift changes of DynA conclusively demonstrate that DynA interacts with KOR. PMID: 24616919
- The crystal structure provides fundamental insights into the activation mechanism of the kappa-opioid receptor and suggests that "functional" residues may be directly involved in the transduction of the agonist binding event. PMID: 24121503
- The kappa opioid receptor in the nucleus has been identified as a novel prognostic factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 23574786
- OPRK1 and PDYN polymorphisms may alter the severity of HIV infection and response to treatment. PMID: 23392455
- Pairwise tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DREAM, PDYN, and OPRK1 were genotyped in a United Kingdom population-based discovery cohort to assess pain. PMID: 22730276
- hKOR activates p38 MAPK through a phosphorylation and arrestin-dependent mechanism. However, activation differs between hKOR and rKOR (rat KOR) for some ligands. PMID: 23086943
- Data indicate that 14-3-3zeta interaction with the kappa-opioid receptor (hKOPR) C-tail promotes export of hKOPR. PMID: 22989890
- A role for dynorphin kappa-opioid receptor signaling in fear extinction has been established. PMID: 22764240
- The crystal structure of the human kappa-OR in complex with the selective antagonist JDTic, arranged in parallel dimers, has been determined at 2.9 A resolution. PMID: 22437504
- Human apelin forms a heterodimer with the kappa opioid receptor, leading to increased protein kinase C and decreased protein kinase A. PMID: 22200678
- This study provides evidence that gene-gene interaction between KOR and OPRM1 (mu-opioid receptor) can influence the risk of addiction to narcotics and alcohol. PMID: 22138325
- These findings provide evidence that previously demonstrated KOR-mediated reduction in intraocular pressure could be caused, in part, by NO production in both the ciliary body and the trabecular meshwork. PMID: 21666232
- This is the first report detailing the initiation of a KOR-induced JAK2/STAT3 and IRF2 signaling cascade. These pathways result in substantial down-regulation of CXCR4 expression. PMID: 21447649
- Due to its stronger binding for hKOPR, GEC1 is able to be recruited by hKOPR sufficiently without membrane association via its C-terminal modification. However, du GABARAP appears to require C-terminal modifications to enhance KOPR expression. PMID: 21388957
- Review. kappa-Opioid receptor signaling and brain reward function. PMID: 19804796
- Phosphorylation of serine 369 mediates KOR desensitization and internalization. PMID: 12815037
- Binding of the KOR to NHERF-1/EBP50 facilitates oligomerization of NHERF-1/EBP50, leading to stimulation of NHE3. PMID: 15070904
- The structure of OPRK1 and association of haplotypes with opiate addiction have been found to have empirical significance. PMID: 15608558
- The diterpenoid salvinorin A utilizes unique residues within a commonly shared binding pocket to selectively activate KORs. PMID: 15952771
- GEC1 interacts with the kappa opioid receptor and enhances expression of the receptor. PMID: 16431922
- Family-based analyses demonstrated associations between alcohol dependence and multiple SNPs in intron 2 of OPRK1. PMID: 16924269
- Helical orientation of helix 2 are critical for the selectivity of salvinorin A binding to KOR and provide a structurally novel basis for ligand selectivity. PMID: 17121830
- The frequency of the KOR 36G > T SNP was significantly higher among heroin-dependent individuals compared to control subjects. PMID: 17373729
- Activation of KORs alters functional properties of neural precursor cells that are relevant to human brain development and repair. PMID: 17538007
Database Links
Protein Families
G-protein coupled receptor 1 family
Subcellular Location
Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.
Tissue Specificity
Detected in brain and placenta.
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