Phospho-TCF3 (Thr355) Antibody

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Description

Biological Context of TCF3 Phosphorylation

TCF3 is a transcriptional repressor involved in embryonic axis specification and stem cell differentiation . Its phosphorylation at Thr355 is mediated by HIPK2 (Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2), which modulates TCF3 activity in response to Wnt signaling . This post-translational modification alters TCF3’s ability to bind DNA and interact with co-factors, thereby regulating target gene expression .

Signaling Pathway Analysis

The antibody is used to study Wnt signaling dynamics. For example, in Xenopus embryos and mammalian cells, it detects TCF3 phosphorylation induced by Wnt3a stimulation . This highlights its role in regulating embryonic patterning and stem cell self-renewal .

Neuronal Differentiation

Phospho-TCF3 (Thr355) is a marker for neuronal progenitor cells transitioning to mature neurons. Studies using this antibody have shown that phosphorylation correlates with the initiation of neuronal differentiation programs .

Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition (MET)

TCF3 phosphorylation is essential for MET during development and cancer metastasis. The antibody enables visualization of this process in tissues, aiding in understanding epithelial plasticity .

Research Findings

  • Wnt Signaling: TCF3 phosphorylation at Thr355 enhances β-catenin-dependent transcriptional activity, promoting axis specification in embryos .

  • Stem Cell Biology: Phosphorylated TCF3 associates with bHLH proteins to drive lineage commitment in neural precursors .

  • Cancer: Dysregulation of TCF3 phosphorylation correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in metastatic cancers .

Product Specs

Form
Rabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline (without Mg2+ and Ca2+), pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol.
Lead Time
Typically, we can ship the products within 1-3 business days after receiving your order. Delivery times may vary depending on the purchase method or location. For specific delivery times, please consult your local distributors.
Synonyms
AGM8 antibody; bHLHb21 antibody; Class B basic helix-loop-helix protein 21 antibody; E12 antibody; E2A antibody; E2A immunoglobulin enhancer binding factors E12/E47 antibody; E47 antibody; Helix loop helix protein HE47 antibody; Immunoglobulin enhancer-binding factor E12/E47 antibody; Immunoglobulin transcription factor 1 antibody; ITF1 antibody; Kappa-E2-binding factor antibody; MGC129647 antibody; MGC129648 antibody; Negative vitamin D response element binding protein antibody; NOL1-TCF3 fusion antibody; TCF-3 antibody; Tcf3 antibody; TFE2_HUMAN antibody; transcription factor 3 (E2A immunoglobulin enhancer binding factors E12/E47) antibody; Transcription factor 3 antibody; transcription factor 3 variant 3 antibody; Transcription factor E2-alpha antibody; Transcription factor ITF-1 antibody; VDIR antibody; VDR interacting repressor antibody; vitamin D receptor-interacting repressor antibody
Target Names
Uniprot No.

Target Background

Function
TCF3, a transcriptional regulator, plays a crucial role in initiating neuronal differentiation and mesenchymal to epithelial transition. It forms heterodimers with tissue-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins, contributing significantly to tissue-specific cell fate determination during embryogenesis, such as muscle or early B-cell differentiation. In collaboration with TCF15, TCF3 is essential for mesenchymal to epithelial transition. These dimers bind to DNA at E-box motifs: 5'-CANNTG-3'. They interact with the kappa-E2 site in the kappa immunoglobulin gene enhancer and bind to IEB1 and IEB2, short DNA sequences within the insulin gene transcription control region.
Gene References Into Functions
  1. hnRNP H/F are essential for the maintenance and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. This is attributed, at least in part, to a shift in TCF3 alternative splicing that leads to the repression of CDH1/E-cadherin. PMID: 30115631
  2. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients exhibiting positive E2A-PBX1 fusion expression after transplant have a poor prognosis. PMID: 29705861
  3. Studies indicate that abnormal endometrial E2A expression is present in the mid-secretory endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage. A positive correlation between E2A and FOXP3, as well as E2A and CTLA-4, suggests a potential regulatory role for E2A in endometrial receptivity. PMID: 29270752
  4. Silencing of the TCF3 gene inhibits esophageal cancer cell growth and proliferation, suppresses cell cycle progression, and promotes apoptosis. PMID: 28864779
  5. Research suggests that TCF3 upregulation is a crucial prognostic factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PMID: 28107608
  6. Findings indicate that TCF3 is clearly linked to the progression of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. This is the first reported instance of TCF3 acting as a tumor promoter in cervical cancer, highlighting its potential significance in CSCC prognosis. PMID: 28604457
  7. Inactivation of TCF3 contributes to the oncogenic program of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. PMID: 27166193
  8. This research marks the first identification of protein partners for both E2A-PBX1 and HOXA9 oncoproteins through an unbiased biochemical approach. The identification of translation initiation factors associated with HOXA9 suggests a potential novel function for HOX proteins beyond their transcriptional activity. PMID: 28707666
  9. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors selectively induce cytotoxicity in TCF3-HLF-positive leukemic cells. PMID: 27894958
  10. MiR-138 might act as a tumor suppressor and a potential prognostic biomarker in cervical cancer. Its downstream target, TCF3, may regulate cancer development in a manner inverse to miR-138. PMID: 28385388
  11. High levels of TCF3 in gliomas promote glioma development through the Akt and Erk pathways. PMID: 27105323
  12. TWIST1-E12 protein heterodimeric complexes may constitute the primary active forms of TWIST1 concerning senescence inhibition throughout the course of breast tumorigenesis. PMID: 27237323
  13. This review examines the role of the E2A-PBX1 gene rearrangement in the prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its central nervous system relapse. PMID: 26509298
  14. E47 is a novel substrate of PAK5, and PAK5-mediated phosphorylation of E47 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Elevated phospho-E47 expression is associated with an aggressive phenotype of colon cancer and metastasis. PMID: 26212009
  15. Significant enrichment of the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway was observed in TCF3-PBX1, along with an enrichment of genes involved in immunity and infection pathways in the ETV6-RUNX1 subtype. PMID: 26237075
  16. Overexpression of E47 reprograms human pancreatic cancer cells to a quiescent acinar state with reduced tumorigenic potential. PMID: 25894862
  17. Drug response profiling of matched patient-derived xenografts revealed a distinct profile for TCF3-HLF ALL, exhibiting resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics but sensitivity to glucocorticoids. PMID: 26214592
  18. When intensive chemotherapy was used, TCF3-PBX1 was associated with a favorable outcome in childhood pre-B ALL. PMID: 25551271
  19. Inhibitor of differentiation 4 (ID4) functions as an inhibitor of ID-1, -2, and -3, promoting basic helix loop helix (bHLH) E47 DNA binding and transcriptional activity. PMID: 25778840
  20. Data indicate that microRNAs miR-155 and miR-16 downregulate activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and transcription factor E47 in B cells through binding to the 3'-untranslated regions. PMID: 26223652
  21. TCF3 is a newly identified susceptibility locus for Hodgkin lymphoma. PMID: 24920014
  22. Research suggests a collaborative action between autophagy and ubiquitination in the degradation of E2A/Pbx1, revealing a novel strategy for targeted preventive or treatment therapy for pediatric ALL. PMID: 25615280
  23. TCF3 rearrangement [t(1;19) (q23;p13)] was detected in 16 (20%) of the 80 studied patients and was significantly associated with splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and CNS infiltration. PMID: 25116187
  24. Findings demonstrate that the upregulation of TCF3, primarily caused by promoter hypomethylation, is one of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. PMID: 25375219
  25. Results suggest that E47 exhibits diverse effects in T-ALL but that functional deficiency of E47 is not a universal characteristic of Lmo2-induced T-ALL. PMID: 25499232
  26. This study revealed that TCF3-PBX1 positive pediatric BCP-ALL patients treated according to the JACLS ALL02 and CCLSG ALL2004 protocol experienced favorable outcomes. PMID: 24578304
  27. Results suggest that E2A suppresses CRC cell metastasis, at least partially, by inhibiting YAP expression. PMID: 24369055
  28. E2A serves as an independent prognostic factor for colorectal cancer patients and targets miR-320a to regulate the proliferation of colon cancer cells. PMID: 24454819
  29. Within the AETFC complex, AML1-ETO oligomerization is required for a specific interaction between the oligomerized NHR2 domain and a novel NHR2-binding (N2B) motif in E proteins, including HEB and E2A. Disrupting this interaction through point mutations abolishes AML1-ETO-induced hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell self-renewal and leukemogenesis. PMID: 23812588
  30. In t(8;21) leukemia cells, HEB and E2A function as components of the stable AML1-ETO-containing transcription factor complex (AETFC). The AETFC components collaboratively regulate gene expression and contribute to leukemogenesis. PMID: 23812588
  31. NF-kappaB enhances the binding of E2A to an E-box motif located immediately downstream of the two closely-spaced transcription start sites, leading to sustained 14-3-3gamma expression and CSR induction. PMID: 23851690
  32. Four patients with agammaglobulinemia exhibited the same de novo mutation in the broadly expressed transcription factor E47. The mutant protein (E555K) was stable in patient-derived EBV-transformed cell lines and cell lines transfected with expression vectors. PMID: 24216514
  33. E47 interacts with Id1 in E47 overexpressing MDCK cells undergoing a full epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as well as in mesenchymal breast carcinoma and melanoma cell lines. PMID: 23555842
  34. The E2A-PBX1 fusion gene, caused by t(1;19)(q23;p13), may be a common genetic alteration in AIS and a survival determinant for female AIS patients at an early stage. PMID: 23688269
  35. High expression of TCF3 is linked to neuroblastoma progression. PMID: 23135478
  36. This study provides the first evidence that the portion of E2A proteins found within the oncogenic fusion protein E2A-PBX1, encompassing the transcriptional activation domains, can enhance the HAT activity of CBP/p300. PMID: 22387215
  37. Findings demonstrate that E2A proteins are acetylated at specific residues due to the recruitment of lysine acetyltranferases (CBP, p300, and PCAF). PMID: 22207202
  38. The molecular mechanism underlying the effect of EB1089 on aromatase gene expression is mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), vitamin D receptor interacting repressor (VDIR), and Williams syndrome transcription factor (WSTF). PMID: 23085504
  39. E2A-HLF sensitizes t(17;19)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia to the graft-versus-leukemia effect by upregulating death receptors for TRAIL. PMID: 22743623
  40. The absence of T cell precursor potential, both in vivo and in vitro, is attributed to low Notch1 expression and secondary to the inhibition of E2A protein activity by members of the inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) protein family. PMID: 22972921
  41. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT, PIASy regulates alpha-smooth muscle actin expression by interacting with E12 in mesangial cells. PMID: 22829926
  42. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that E2A could indeed act as a tumor promoter, at least in prostate cancer. PMID: 22564737
  43. Studies reveal that the entire ensemble of Id proteins possesses the ability to interact with E47, identify factors that associate with E47, and reveal a spectrum of phosphorylated residues in E47, including an AKT substrate site. PMID: 22354994
  44. E2A, a key transcription factor linked to the B-cell activation profile, regulates apoptosis in CLL and may contribute to disease pathology. PMID: 21551245
  45. Altering the balance between Id3 and E47 is both necessary and sufficient to regulate the cell cycle in PDA cells. PMID: 21498546
  46. E2A exhibits a tumor suppressor function in human lymphoid cells. PMID: 21788410
  47. Findings indicate that in cancer cells, E2A, FOXO1, and FOXP1 regulate RAG1 and RAG2 expression, initiating Ig gene rearrangement in a manner similar to B lymphocytes. PMID: 21655267
  48. HEB and E2A bind to the SCA motif at regions overlapping SMAD2/3 and FOXH1. PMID: 21828274

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Database Links

HGNC: 11633

OMIM: 147141

KEGG: hsa:6929

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000262965

UniGene: Hs.371282

Involvement In Disease
Agammaglobulinemia 8, autosomal dominant (AGM8)
Subcellular Location
Nucleus.

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