PIN1 Antibody
Description
Introduction to PIN1 Antibody
The PIN1 Antibody is a research reagent designed to detect and study the peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase PIN1 (peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1), a critical enzyme involved in protein conformational regulation. PIN1 catalyzes the cis/trans isomerization of phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline motifs, influencing protein stability, localization, and function . Its dysregulation is implicated in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections, and cardiovascular disorders .
Structure and Function of PIN1 Antibodies
PIN1 antibodies are engineered to bind specific epitopes of the PIN1 protein. Key characteristics include:
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Target Epitope: C-terminal region (aa 41–163 in human PIN1) or phosphorylated residues (e.g., Ser71) .
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Host/Clonality: Mouse monoclonal (e.g., G-8) , rabbit polyclonal (e.g., AF6430) , or mouse monoclonal (e.g., MAB2294) .
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Reactivity: Broad species compatibility, including human, mouse, rat, and non-human primates .
Applications in Research and Clinical Settings
PIN1 antibodies enable diverse experimental approaches:
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Western Blotting (WB): Detects PIN1 in denatured lysates (18–20 kDa) .
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Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Localizes PIN1 in paraffin-embedded tissues (cytoplasm/nucleus) .
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Immunoprecipitation (IP): Identifies PIN1 protein-protein interactions .
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Immunofluorescence (IF): Visualizes PIN1 subcellular distribution .
Cancer
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Oncogenic Roles: PIN1 stabilizes oncogenes (e.g., β-catenin, cyclin D1) and destabilizes tumor suppressors (e.g., p53, PML) . High PIN1 expression correlates with poor prognosis in cancers like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) .
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Biomarker Potential: In TNBC, high PIN1 expression predicts improved response to DNA-damaging chemotherapy (e.g., paclitaxel, cisplatin) .
Viral Infections
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SARS-CoV-2: PIN1 inhibitors block viral replication by disrupting viral transcription and cytopathic effects .
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HIV-1: PIN1 facilitates capsid uncoating, reverse transcription, and genomic integration .
Cardiovascular Diseases
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Atherosclerosis: PIN1 promotes vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction via TGF-β/SMAD and VEGF pathways .
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Hypertension: PIN1 enhances eNOS activity and VEGF signaling, contributing to endothelial remodeling .
Key Research Findings
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SARS-CoV-2 Propagation: PIN1 inhibition reduces viral mRNA/protein synthesis and alleviates cytopathic effects in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells .
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TNBC Treatment Response:
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Angiogenesis: PIN1 upregulates HIF-1α/VEGF and NF-κB pathways, promoting cancer-induced angiogenesis .
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Apoptosis Regulation: PIN1 inhibits proapoptotic factors (e.g., BAX, FADD) and promotes antiapoptotic proteins (e.g., Mcl-1) .
Product Specs
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Target Background
- Light triggers the polar membrane localization of PIN1. PMID: 29284741
- Phosphorylation of PIN1 at specific serine residues (S1-S4) has been observed in situ using phosphosite-specific antibodies. PIN1 phosphorylation at these sites occurs both at the basal and apical plasma membrane in various root cell types, embryos, and shoot apical meristems, aligning with the predominant distribution of PIN1. However, it is not confined to specific polar sides of cells. Distinct protein kinases or trafficking mechanisms seem to be involved in this phosphorylation process. PMID: 28096328
- The amino acid phenylalanine at position 165 (Phe-165) in PIN1 is crucial for its endocytosis. It interacts with muA (mu2)- and muD (mu3)-adaptin, which are involved in the endocytosis and trafficking of PIN1 along the secretory pathway, respectively. PMID: 27208248
- The protein topology of plasma membrane-localized PIN proteins has been investigated. PMID: 27622590
- PIN1 expression, mediated by cytokinin response factors, is essential for determining pistil size. An increase in the number of ovule primordia in cytokinin-treated pistils correlates with an increase in pistil size. When sufficient space exists between two ovules, cytokinin response factors and/or other cytokinin-dependent factors induce PIN1 expression, leading to the creation of a new auxin maximum. PMID: 27737904
- A comprehensive 3D analysis of PIN1 expression patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana roots has been conducted. PMID: 26821586
- Cell-type-specific expression of a constitutively active form of BZR1 demonstrates that high and low levels of BZR1 are required for the normal cellular behaviors in the elongation zone and quiescent center of the root, respectively. PMID: 25866388
- Myrosin cell development relies on the endocytosis-mediated polar localization of PIN1 in leaf primordia. PMID: 25428982
- There is a functional interplay between protein kinase CK2 and salicylic acid, which sustains PIN1 transcriptional expression. PMID: 24547808
- The development of interfascicular cambium from differentiated interfascicular parenchyma cells involves a sequence of events: auxin accumulation, PIN1 gene expression, polar PIN1 protein localization in the basal plasma membrane, and periclinal divisions. PMID: 24526327
- ARF1A1C is essential for the recycling of PIN auxin transporters and for various auxin-dependent developmental processes. PMID: 24369434
- Blue light-induced PIN1 redistribution plays a role in asymmetric auxin distribution and root negative phototropism. PMID: 24465665
- Copper (Cu)-mediated auxin redistribution is responsible for Cu-mediated inhibition of primary root elongation. This process is regulated by PIN1, but not PIN2 or AUX1. PMID: 23396597
- Epigenetic regulation may control auxin-mediated lateral root development through the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of PIN1 protein. PMID: 23820978
- PIN1 expression in the meristem L1 is sufficient for correct phyllotaxis. PMID: 24091013
- The polarity of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1 and auxin distribution, as measured by the DR5(pro):GFP proxy, are affected by mutations in PP2A-C3 and PP2A-C4. PMID: 23167545
- Cytokinin regulates ovule development through the regulation of PIN1. PMID: 22786869
- PIN1 phosphorylation is directly regulated by PP6-type phosphatase holoenzyme. PMID: 22715043
- PIN1 and PIN2 proteins exhibit dynamic intracellular trafficking and polar localization in the plasma membrane. PMID: 22492845
- Studies using both chemical treatments and mutants with altered NO levels demonstrate that high levels of NO reduce auxin transport and response through a PIN1-dependent mechanism, leading to a concomitant decrease in root meristem activity. PMID: 22021439
- Findings suggest a common mechanism for the regulation of PIN1 polarity formation, a fundamental cellular process crucial for pattern formation at both the tissue/organ and cellular levels. PMID: 21423279
- Data indicate that FKD1 influences PIN1 localization in an auxin-dependent manner, suggesting that it is a key component of the auxin canalization pathway. PMID: 20626652
- Evidence suggests that both PIN1 localization and microtubule array orientation respond to a shared upstream regulator that appears to be biomechanical in nature. PMID: 20976043
- Loss of PIN1 phosphorylation at the conserved serine residues induces dominant embryo and flower phenotypes. PMID: 20407025
- NOV is required for the proper expression pattern of provascular PIN1. PMID: 19880797
- Different levels of indole acetic acid have been reported in the stems and flowers of A. thaliana plants with a mutation at PIN1. PMID: 15918026
- Research has revealed that the action of PIN proteins in auxin efflux is distinct from phosphoglycoprotein, rate-limiting, specific to auxins, and sensitive to auxin transport inhibitors. This suggests a direct involvement of PINs in catalyzing cellular auxin efflux. PMID: 16601150
- The subcellular distribution of PIN1 is gradually refined from a non-polar distribution in isodiametric cells to a strongly polarized distribution in elongated procambial cells, providing an indication of overall directions of auxin flow. PMID: 17217464
- Inducible JLO misexpression activates the expression of the KNOX genes SHOOT MERISTEMLESS and KNAT1 in leaves and downregulates the expression of PIN auxin export facilitators. PMID: 17557810
- In addition to pathways that control PIN localization and transcription, MOP2 and MOP3 appear to be involved in fine-tuning auxin distribution via post-transcriptional regulation of PIN expression. PMID: 17651372
- Flavonoids promote asymmetric PIN1,2 shifts during gravity stimulation, thus redirecting basipetal auxin streams necessary for root bending. PMID: 18718912
- VAM3 is required for the proper expression pattern of PIN1, and PIN1 proteins are constitutively transported to vacuoles in leaf and root cells. PMID: 19493960
