PKS1 Antibody

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Cat. No.
BT1242171
Synonyms
PKS1 antibody; At2g02950 antibody; T17M13.12 antibody; Protein PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 1 antibody
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Description

Functional Role of PKS1

PKS1 operates in two primary pathways:
A. Phototropin Signaling

  • Mediates phot1-dependent hypocotyl phototropism under low-fluence blue light .

  • Genetic studies show redundancy with PKS2 and PKS4; triple mutants (pks1/pks2/pks4) exhibit severe phototropic defects .

Phytochrome A Signaling

  • Part of the Very Low Fluence Response (VLFR) branch of phyA signaling .

  • Regulates hypocotyl growth inhibition and cotyledon expansion .

Key Research Applications of PKS1 Antibody

The PKS1 antibody has enabled critical discoveries through:

ApplicationMethodKey FindingsSource
Protein LocalizationCell fractionation + Western blotPKS1 is microsomal, light-stable membrane protein .
Protein-Protein InteractionCoimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP)PKS1 interacts with phot1 and NPH3 in vivo .
Mutant ValidationRNA/Protein gel blotConfirmed pks1 null allele specificity .

Antibody Validation and Specificity

  • Specificity: No cross-reactivity with PKS2 or PKS4, confirmed using pks1/pks2/pks4 mutants .

  • Utility: Used to track PKS1 induction under white light (4-hour exposure) .

Implications for Plant Biology

PKS1 antibody studies have clarified:

  • The evolutionary conservation of PKS proteins in angiosperms .

  • Dual roles in phototropism and phyA signaling, suggesting regulatory crosstalk .

  • Mechanisms of light-induced membrane protein dynamics .

Product Specs

Buffer
Preservative: 0.03% Proclin 300
Constituents: 50% Glycerol, 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4
Form
Liquid
Lead Time
Made-to-order (14-16 weeks)
Synonyms
PKS1 antibody; At2g02950 antibody; T17M13.12 antibody; Protein PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 1 antibody
Target Names
PKS1
Uniprot No.
Q9SWI1

Target Background

Function
PKS1 antibody is a vital component in plant photoreceptor signaling pathways. It plays a crucial role in regulating various light-mediated responses, including cytoplasmic sequestration of phytochromes, phytochrome B signaling, and the very low-fluence response (VLFR) branch of phyA signaling. Additionally, it acts as a positive regulator in PHOT1 signaling. PKS1 antibody is directly involved in the control of key developmental processes, such as phytochrome-mediated photomorphogenesis, hypocotyl phototropism, leaf flattening, and leaf positioning. It also influences root growth, promoting negative root phototropism and negatively regulating root gravitropism. These regulatory effects are likely mediated by PKS1's influence on auxin homeostasis.
Gene References Into Functions
  1. PKS proteins play a significant role in auxin signaling and/or lateral auxin redistribution. PMID: 24286493
  2. Variations in PKS1 or PKS2 content can impact the overall concentration of phytochrome A. PMID: 15170492
  3. Induction of PKS1 expression by a pulse of blue light is dependent on phytochrome A, suggesting a potential link between these two photoreceptor families. PMID: 16777956
  4. PKS1 positively influences root phototropism, contributing to negative curvature in response to unilateral blue light. PMID: 18024556
  5. The involvement of PKS1, along with phyA and phyB, in the positive phototropic responses to red light in Arabidopsis roots has been reported. PMID: 18266898

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Database Links

KEGG: ath:AT2G02950

STRING: 3702.AT2G02950.1

UniGene: At.24751

Protein Families
PKS family
Subcellular Location
Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed in young seedlings in both darkness and light. Moderate in leaves and very low in roots and flowers. Expressed in the elongation zone of the root and hypocotyl.

Q&A

Here’s a structured collection of FAQs tailored for academic researchers working with the KS1/4 antibody (note: "PKS1" may refer to a typographical error; the sources reference KS1/4 antibody conjugates):

Advanced Research Questions

How should researchers resolve conflicting data on KS1/4-methotrexate conjugate efficacy across cancer subtypes?

FactorConsiderationSource Example
Target heterogeneityTumors with mixed antigen expression show reduced response (e.g., HER2 heterogeneity in ADC trials) .NSCLC vs. HER2+ breast cancer
Payload mechanismMethotrexate’s cell cycle specificity may limit efficacy in slow-dividing tumors.Compare with topoisomerase inhibitors
Immune microenvironmentComplement activation (C3d/C4c) may enhance efficacy in immunologically "hot" tumors .Phase Ia trial biopsies

What mechanisms underlie resistance to KS1/4-based immunoconjugates?

  • Target downregulation: Observed in HER2 ADCs; monitor antigen loss via sequential biopsies or liquid biopsies .

  • Drug efflux pumps: Overexpression of ABC transporters (e.g., ABCB1) reduces intracellular methotrexate accumulation. Test with verapamil co-treatment .

  • Immune evasion: HAMA responses neutralize conjugate efficacy. Use humanized antibody formats or immunosuppressive adjuvants .

How can KS1/4 antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) be combined with immunotherapy agents?

  • Synergy rationale:

    • KS1/4-mediated complement deposition primes dendritic cells for antigen presentation .

    • Combine with anti-PD-1 to counteract ADC-induced PD-L1 upregulation .

  • Trial design: Phase Ib/II studies using KS1/4-methotrexate + checkpoint inhibitors, stratified by PD-L1 status .

Methodological Challenges and Solutions

How to address batch-to-batch variability in KS1/4 antibody production?

ParameterQuality Control MetricAcceptance Criteria
Drug-antibody ratio (DAR)Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)DAR = 3–4 for methotrexate conjugates
AggregationSize-exclusion chromatography (SEC)<5% high-molecular-weight species
Binding affinitySurface plasmon resonance (SPR)KD ≤ 10 nM

What computational tools predict KS1/4 antibody-epitope interactions?

  • Molecular docking: Use RosettaAntibody or AlphaFold-Multimer to model KS1/4-antigen binding.

  • MD simulations: Assess conformational stability of the antibody-antigen complex under physiological conditions.

  • Validation: Cross-reference with mutagenesis data (e.g., alanine scanning) from NSCLC cell lines .

Data Contradiction Analysis

Why do preclinical models overestimate KS1/4 ADC efficacy compared to clinical trials?

  • Model limitations:

    • Murine models lack human Fc receptor interactions and tumor microenvironment complexity .

    • Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) better replicate human antigen heterogeneity .

  • Dosing adjustments: Translate animal doses using body surface area normalization instead of weight-based metrics .

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