Lofexidine hydrochloride
Catalog Number: BT-254367
CAS Number: 21498-08-8
Molecular Formula: C11H13Cl3N2O
Molecular Weight: 295.6 g/mol
The product is for non-human research only. Not for therapeutic or veterinary use.
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Product Introduction
Description
Lofexidine hydrochloride is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. It was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018 under the brand name Lucemyra. Lofexidine hydrochloride is a non-opioid medication that helps to reduce the severity of opioid withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, agitation, insomnia, and sweating. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of lofexidine hydrochloride, including its method of synthesis or extraction, chemical structure and biological activity, biological effects, applications, and future perspectives and challenges.
Properties
CAS Number
21498-08-8
Product Name
Lofexidine hydrochloride
IUPAC Name
2-[1-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole;hydrochloride
Molecular Formula
C11H13Cl3N2O
Molecular Weight
295.6 g/mol
InChI
InChI=1S/C11H12Cl2N2O.ClH/c1-7(11-14-5-6-15-11)16-10-8(12)3-2-4-9(10)13;/h2-4,7H,5-6H2,1H3,(H,14,15);1H
InChI Key
DWWHMKBNNNZGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
CC(C1=NCCN1)OC2=C(C=CC=C2Cl)Cl.Cl
Synonyms
2-(alpha-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl) delta-2-imidazoline
BritLofex
lofexidine
lofexidine hydrochloride
Lofexidine mono-hydrochloride
lofexidine monohydrochloride
lofexidine, (+-)-isomer
Lucemyra
BritLofex
lofexidine
lofexidine hydrochloride
Lofexidine mono-hydrochloride
lofexidine monohydrochloride
lofexidine, (+-)-isomer
Lucemyra
Canonical SMILES
CC(C1=NCCN1)OC2=C(C=CC=C2Cl)Cl.Cl
Method of Synthesis or Extraction
Lofexidine hydrochloride is synthesized by reacting 2,6-dichlorobenzyl chloride with 2,6-dimethylaniline in the presence of sodium hydroxide and potassium carbonate. The resulting product is then treated with hydrochloric acid to obtain lofexidine hydrochloride. The yield of this method is reported to be around 60%, and the process is relatively simple and efficient. However, the use of sodium hydroxide and potassium carbonate can have environmental and safety considerations, as they are corrosive and can cause skin and eye irritation.
Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
Lofexidine hydrochloride has a chemical formula of C11H12Cl2N2 and a molecular weight of 266.13 g/mol. Its chemical structure consists of a benzyl group attached to a dimethylamino group, with two chlorine atoms on the benzyl ring. Lofexidine hydrochloride acts as a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, which means that it binds to and activates the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brain and spinal cord. This leads to a decrease in the release of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in the stress response. By reducing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, lofexidine hydrochloride helps to alleviate the symptoms of opioid withdrawal.
Biological Effects
Lofexidine hydrochloride has been shown to have various biological effects on cell function and signal transduction. It has been reported to inhibit the release of norepinephrine and other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, from presynaptic neurons. This leads to a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity and an increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity, which helps to reduce the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Lofexidine hydrochloride has also been shown to have potential therapeutic and toxic effects, depending on the dose and duration of treatment. At therapeutic doses, it can help to reduce the severity of opioid withdrawal symptoms without causing significant adverse effects. However, at higher doses, it can cause sedation, hypotension, and bradycardia, which can be potentially harmful.
Applications
Lofexidine hydrochloride has various applications in medical, environmental, and industrial research. In medical research, it is used for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms and has been shown to be effective in reducing the severity of these symptoms. It has also been studied for its potential role in drug development, particularly in the development of new treatments for opioid addiction. Clinical trials have shown that lofexidine hydrochloride can help to improve the outcomes of opioid detoxification and reduce the risk of relapse. However, it is important to note that lofexidine hydrochloride should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes behavioral therapy and other supportive measures.
In environmental research, lofexidine hydrochloride has been studied for its effects on ecosystems and its role in pollution management. It has been shown to have low toxicity to aquatic organisms and can be used as a potential tool for the management of pollution in water bodies. However, more research is needed to fully understand its environmental impact and sustainability.
In industrial research, lofexidine hydrochloride is used in manufacturing processes to improve product quality and efficiency. It is also important to consider health and safety considerations when using lofexidine hydrochloride in industrial settings, as it can be potentially harmful if not handled properly.
In environmental research, lofexidine hydrochloride has been studied for its effects on ecosystems and its role in pollution management. It has been shown to have low toxicity to aquatic organisms and can be used as a potential tool for the management of pollution in water bodies. However, more research is needed to fully understand its environmental impact and sustainability.
In industrial research, lofexidine hydrochloride is used in manufacturing processes to improve product quality and efficiency. It is also important to consider health and safety considerations when using lofexidine hydrochloride in industrial settings, as it can be potentially harmful if not handled properly.
Future Perspectives and Challenges
Despite the potential benefits of lofexidine hydrochloride, there are still some limitations in its use and study. For example, there is a lack of long-term data on the safety and efficacy of lofexidine hydrochloride, particularly in special populations such as pregnant women and children. There is also a need for more research on the optimal dosing and duration of treatment with lofexidine hydrochloride.
Possible solutions and improvements include the development of new formulations and delivery methods that can improve the bioavailability and efficacy of lofexidine hydrochloride. Future trends and prospects in the application of lofexidine hydrochloride in scientific research include the development of new treatments for opioid addiction and the exploration of its potential use in other conditions, such as anxiety and depression.
Conclusion:
Lofexidine hydrochloride is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. It has various applications in medical, environmental, and industrial research, and has been shown to be effective in reducing the severity of opioid withdrawal symptoms. However, more research is needed to fully understand its safety and efficacy, and to explore its potential use in other conditions.
Possible solutions and improvements include the development of new formulations and delivery methods that can improve the bioavailability and efficacy of lofexidine hydrochloride. Future trends and prospects in the application of lofexidine hydrochloride in scientific research include the development of new treatments for opioid addiction and the exploration of its potential use in other conditions, such as anxiety and depression.
Conclusion:
Lofexidine hydrochloride is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. It has various applications in medical, environmental, and industrial research, and has been shown to be effective in reducing the severity of opioid withdrawal symptoms. However, more research is needed to fully understand its safety and efficacy, and to explore its potential use in other conditions.
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