Allura Red AC
Catalog Number: BT-258315
CAS Number: 25956-17-6
Molecular Formula: C18H14N2Na2O8S2
Molecular Weight: 496.4 g/mol
The product is for non-human research only. Not for therapeutic or veterinary use.
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Product Introduction
Description
Allura Red AC, also known as Red 40, is a synthetic food colorant widely used in the food industry. It is a water-soluble azo dye that imparts a bright red color to food and beverages. Despite its widespread use, concerns have been raised about its safety and potential health effects. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of Allura Red AC, including its method of synthesis or extraction, chemical structure and biological activity, biological effects, applications, future perspectives, and challenges.
Properties
CAS Number
25956-17-6
Product Name
Allura Red AC
IUPAC Name
disodium;6-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate
Molecular Formula
C18H14N2Na2O8S2
Molecular Weight
496.4 g/mol
InChI
InChI=1S/C18H16N2O8S2.2Na/c1-10-7-14(16(28-2)9-17(10)30(25,26)27)19-20-18-13-5-4-12(29(22,23)24)8-11(13)3-6-15(18)21;;/h3-9,21H,1-2H3,(H,22,23,24)(H,25,26,27);;/q;2*+1/p-2
InChI Key
CEZCCHQBSQPRMU-LLIZZRELSA-L
SMILES
CC1=CC(=C(C=C1S(=O)(=O)[O-])OC)N=NC2=C(C=CC3=C2C=CC(=C3)S(=O)(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+]
Solubility
In water, 2.25X10+5 mg/L at 25 °C
In 50% alcohol, 1.3%
Solubility at 25 °C: in ethanol, 0.001 g/100 mL; in glycerol, 3.0 g/100 mL; in propylene glycol, 1.5 g/100 mL
In 50% alcohol, 1.3%
Solubility at 25 °C: in ethanol, 0.001 g/100 mL; in glycerol, 3.0 g/100 mL; in propylene glycol, 1.5 g/100 mL
Synonyms
Allura Red AC dye; CI 16035; CI-16035; CI16035; Curry red; FD & C Red no. 40; Food Red 17; Fancy Red;
Canonical SMILES
CC1=CC(=C(C=C1S(=O)(=O)[O-])OC)N=NC2=C(C=CC3=C2C=CC(=C3)S(=O)(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+]
Method of Synthesis or Extraction
Allura Allura Red AC AC is synthesized by coupling 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid with 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-4-(4-sulfophenylazo) pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid. The reaction is catalyzed by sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid, and the product is purified by recrystallization. Other methods of synthesis include diazotization of 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid followed by coupling with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid or 2-naphthol. Extraction of Allura Allura Red AC AC from natural sources is not feasible due to its synthetic nature.
Efficiency and yield of each method vary depending on the reaction conditions and purity of the starting materials. The yield of the diazotization-coupling method is reported to be around 70%, while the yield of the nitrite-coupling method is around 80%. Environmental and safety considerations of Allura Allura Red AC AC synthesis include the use of hazardous chemicals such as sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid, which can pose a risk to human health and the environment if not handled properly.
Efficiency and yield of each method vary depending on the reaction conditions and purity of the starting materials. The yield of the diazotization-coupling method is reported to be around 70%, while the yield of the nitrite-coupling method is around 80%. Environmental and safety considerations of Allura Allura Red AC AC synthesis include the use of hazardous chemicals such as sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid, which can pose a risk to human health and the environment if not handled properly.
Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
Allura Allura Red AC AC has a molecular formula of C18H14N2Na2O8S2 and a molecular weight of 496.4 g/mol. Its chemical structure consists of two sulfonic acid groups, two azo groups, and a pyrazole ring. Allura Allura Red AC AC is a water-soluble dye that can form stable complexes with metal ions such as aluminum and calcium.
The mechanism of action of Allura Allura Red AC AC involves its binding to proteins and enzymes, leading to alterations in their structure and function. Allura Allura Red AC AC has been shown to inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It also interacts with DNA, causing DNA damage and mutations.
The mechanism of action of Allura Allura Red AC AC involves its binding to proteins and enzymes, leading to alterations in their structure and function. Allura Allura Red AC AC has been shown to inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It also interacts with DNA, causing DNA damage and mutations.
Biological Effects
Allura Allura Red AC AC has been shown to have a range of biological effects on cell function and signal transduction. It has been reported to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in various cell types. Allura Allura Red AC AC has also been shown to affect the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and immune response.
Potential therapeutic and toxic effects of Allura Allura Red AC AC are still under investigation. Some studies have suggested that Allura Allura Red AC AC may have anticancer and antimicrobial properties, while others have reported its potential to cause DNA damage and mutagenesis. The safety of Allura Allura Red AC AC has been a subject of debate, with some studies suggesting that it may cause allergic reactions, hyperactivity, and behavioral problems in children.
Potential therapeutic and toxic effects of Allura Allura Red AC AC are still under investigation. Some studies have suggested that Allura Allura Red AC AC may have anticancer and antimicrobial properties, while others have reported its potential to cause DNA damage and mutagenesis. The safety of Allura Allura Red AC AC has been a subject of debate, with some studies suggesting that it may cause allergic reactions, hyperactivity, and behavioral problems in children.
Applications
Allura Allura Red AC AC has a wide range of applications in various fields, including medical research, environmental research, and industrial research.
In medical research, Allura Allura Red AC AC has been used as a tool to study the effects of food colorants on human health. It has been shown to affect the absorption and metabolism of nutrients, as well as the expression of genes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. Allura Allura Red AC AC has also been used in clinical trials to evaluate its safety and efficacy in treating various diseases.
In environmental research, Allura Allura Red AC AC has been studied for its effects on ecosystems and its role in pollution management. It has been shown to have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, and its presence in wastewater can pose a risk to human health and the environment. Allura Allura Red AC AC has also been used as a tracer to study the fate and transport of pollutants in the environment.
In industrial research, Allura Allura Red AC AC is used in the manufacturing of various products, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. It is also used to improve the quality and efficiency of products, such as in the production of paper and plastics. Health and safety considerations in the use of Allura Allura Red AC AC include its potential to cause skin and eye irritation, as well as its flammability and explosiveness.
In medical research, Allura Allura Red AC AC has been used as a tool to study the effects of food colorants on human health. It has been shown to affect the absorption and metabolism of nutrients, as well as the expression of genes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. Allura Allura Red AC AC has also been used in clinical trials to evaluate its safety and efficacy in treating various diseases.
In environmental research, Allura Allura Red AC AC has been studied for its effects on ecosystems and its role in pollution management. It has been shown to have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, and its presence in wastewater can pose a risk to human health and the environment. Allura Allura Red AC AC has also been used as a tracer to study the fate and transport of pollutants in the environment.
In industrial research, Allura Allura Red AC AC is used in the manufacturing of various products, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. It is also used to improve the quality and efficiency of products, such as in the production of paper and plastics. Health and safety considerations in the use of Allura Allura Red AC AC include its potential to cause skin and eye irritation, as well as its flammability and explosiveness.
Future Perspectives and Challenges
Current limitations in the use and study of Allura Allura Red AC AC include the lack of standardized methods for its detection and quantification, as well as the need for more comprehensive toxicity studies. Possible solutions and improvements include the development of more sensitive and specific analytical methods, as well as the use of alternative food colorants that are safer and more environmentally friendly.
Future trends and prospects in the application of Allura Allura Red AC AC in scientific research include the use of advanced technologies such as nanotechnology and biotechnology to improve its efficacy and safety. The development of new drug delivery systems and diagnostic tools based on Allura Allura Red AC AC is also a promising area of research.
Conclusion
Allura Allura Red AC AC is a synthetic food colorant that has been widely used in the food industry. Its method of synthesis or extraction, chemical structure and biological activity, biological effects, applications, future perspectives, and challenges have been discussed in this paper. While Allura Allura Red AC AC has been shown to have potential therapeutic and industrial applications, its safety and environmental impact remain a subject of concern. Further research is needed to fully understand the risks and benefits of Allura Allura Red AC AC and to develop safer and more sustainable alternatives.
Future trends and prospects in the application of Allura Allura Red AC AC in scientific research include the use of advanced technologies such as nanotechnology and biotechnology to improve its efficacy and safety. The development of new drug delivery systems and diagnostic tools based on Allura Allura Red AC AC is also a promising area of research.
Conclusion
Allura Allura Red AC AC is a synthetic food colorant that has been widely used in the food industry. Its method of synthesis or extraction, chemical structure and biological activity, biological effects, applications, future perspectives, and challenges have been discussed in this paper. While Allura Allura Red AC AC has been shown to have potential therapeutic and industrial applications, its safety and environmental impact remain a subject of concern. Further research is needed to fully understand the risks and benefits of Allura Allura Red AC AC and to develop safer and more sustainable alternatives.
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