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Alternariol

Catalog Number: BT-258562

CAS Number: 641-38-3

Molecular Formula: C14H10O5

Molecular Weight: 258.23 g/mol

The product is for non-human research only. Not for therapeutic or veterinary use.

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Product Introduction

Description

Alternariol is a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the Alternaria genus. It is commonly found in contaminated food and feed, and has been associated with various health problems in humans and animals. In recent years, alternariol has gained attention as a potential therapeutic agent due to its bioactivity and potency. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of alternariol, including its method of synthesis or extraction, chemical structure and biological activity, biological effects, applications, future perspectives, and challenges.

Properties

CAS Number

641-38-3

Product Name

Alternariol

IUPAC Name

3,7,9-trihydroxy-1-methylbenzo[c]chromen-6-one

Molecular Formula

C14H10O5

Molecular Weight

258.23 g/mol

InChI

InChI=1S/C14H10O5/c1-6-2-7(15)5-11-12(6)9-3-8(16)4-10(17)13(9)14(18)19-11/h2-5,15-17H,1H3

InChI Key

CEBXXEKPIIDJHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

CC1=CC(=CC2=C1C3=C(C(=CC(=C3)O)O)C(=O)O2)O

Solubility

Soluble in DMSO

Synonyms

Alternariol

Canonical SMILES

CC1=CC(=CC2=C1C3=C(C(=CC(=C3)O)O)C(=O)O2)O

Method of Synthesis or Extraction

Alternariol can be synthesized or extracted from various sources, including fungi, plants, and chemical synthesis. The most commonly used methods for alternariol extraction are solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction. Solvent extraction involves the use of organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and acetone to extract alternariol from the sample. Solid-phase extraction involves the use of a solid-phase sorbent to selectively extract alternariol from the sample. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages in terms of efficiency and yield. Solvent extraction is relatively simple and efficient, but it may result in low yield and environmental and safety concerns. Solid-phase extraction is more selective and yields higher purity, but it is more time-consuming and expensive.

Chemical Structure and Biological Activity

Alternariol has a chemical structure consisting of a dihydrocoumarin moiety and a tetramic acid moiety. It has been shown to exhibit various biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities. The mechanism of action of alternariol is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the induction of oxidative stress. Alternariol has been shown to target various biological pathways, including the MAPK/ERK pathway, the NF-κB pathway, and the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Biological Effects

Alternariol has been shown to have both therapeutic and toxic effects on cell function and signal transduction. It has been shown to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells, and to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. However, alternariol has also been shown to have toxic effects on human and animal cells, including genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. The potential therapeutic and toxic effects of alternariol depend on the dose, duration, and route of exposure.

Applications

Alternariol has various applications in medical research, environmental research, and industrial research. In medical research, alternariol has been studied for its potential role in drug development, particularly in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Clinical trials have shown promising results in the use of alternariol as an anticancer agent. However, further research is needed to determine its safety and efficacy in humans. In environmental research, alternariol has been studied for its effects on ecosystems and its role in pollution management. It has been shown to have toxic effects on aquatic organisms and to contribute to the contamination of food and feed. In industrial research, alternariol has been used in manufacturing processes to improve product quality and efficiency. However, health and safety considerations must be taken into account when using alternariol in industrial settings.

Future Perspectives and Challenges

The use and study of alternariol face several challenges, including its toxicity, limited availability, and lack of standardization. Possible solutions and improvements include the development of safer and more efficient methods for alternariol synthesis and extraction, the standardization of analytical methods for alternariol detection and quantification, and the identification of safer and more effective analogs of alternariol. Future trends and prospects in the application of alternariol in scientific research include the development of new therapeutic agents and the exploration of its potential in other fields, such as agriculture and biotechnology.
Conclusion
Alternariol is a mycotoxin with both therapeutic and toxic effects. Its method of synthesis or extraction, chemical structure and biological activity, biological effects, applications, future perspectives, and challenges have been discussed in this paper. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential of alternariol as a therapeutic agent and to address the challenges associated with its use and study.

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