Ponceau 4R
Catalog Number: BT-264617
CAS Number: 2611-82-7
Molecular Formula: C20H11N2Na3O10S3
Molecular Weight: 604.5 g/mol
The product is for non-human research only. Not for therapeutic or veterinary use.
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Product Introduction
Description
Ponceau 4R is a synthetic food colorant that belongs to the azo dye family. It is commonly used in the food industry to enhance the appearance of various food products, including beverages, confectionery, and processed meats. Despite its widespread use, concerns have been raised about the safety of Ponceau 4R, particularly regarding its potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the synthesis, chemical structure, biological activity, and applications of Ponceau 4R, as well as its potential future perspectives and challenges.
Properties
CAS Number
2611-82-7
Product Name
Ponceau 4R
IUPAC Name
trisodium;7-hydroxy-8-[(4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonate
Molecular Formula
C20H11N2Na3O10S3
Molecular Weight
604.5 g/mol
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H14N2O10S3.3Na/c23-16-7-5-11-9-12(33(24,25)26)10-18(35(30,31)32)19(11)20(16)22-21-15-6-8-17(34(27,28)29)14-4-2-1-3-13(14)15;;;/h1-10,23H,(H,24,25,26)(H,27,28,29)(H,30,31,32);;;/q;3*+1/p-3
InChI Key
SWGJCIMEBVHMTA-ZRUFZDNISA-K
SMILES
C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)[O-])N=NC3=C(C=CC4=CC(=CC(=C43)S(=O)(=O)[O-])S(=O)(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]
Solubility
0.13 M
80 mg/ml in water, 80 mg/ml in methyl Cellosolve, and 0.9 mg/ml in ethanol.
80 mg/ml in water, 80 mg/ml in methyl Cellosolve, and 0.9 mg/ml in ethanol.
Synonyms
1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 7-hydroxy-8-((4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl azo) trisodium salt)
1-(1-naphthylazo)-2-hydroxynaphthalene-4',6,8-trisulfonate
Acid Red-18
C.I. food red 16255
cochineal red
cochineal red A
E 124
new coccine
ponceau 4R
Scarlet-3R
1-(1-naphthylazo)-2-hydroxynaphthalene-4',6,8-trisulfonate
Acid Red-18
C.I. food red 16255
cochineal red
cochineal red A
E 124
new coccine
ponceau 4R
Scarlet-3R
Canonical SMILES
C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)[O-])N=NC3=C(C=CC4=CC(=CC(=C43)S(=O)(=O)[O-])S(=O)(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]
Method of Synthesis or Extraction
Ponceau 4R is synthesized by coupling diazonium salts of 4-aminoazobenzene with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid. The reaction is typically carried out in an acidic medium, and the resulting product is purified by recrystallization or chromatography. Other methods of synthesis include the use of sulfanilic acid and naphthionic acid as coupling components. The efficiency and yield of the synthesis process depend on various factors, such as the reaction conditions, the purity of the starting materials, and the expertise of the chemist. Environmental and safety considerations include the potential release of hazardous chemicals and waste products during the synthesis process, as well as the potential toxicity of the final product.
Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
The chemical structure of Ponceau 4R consists of a diazo group (-N=N-) that links two aromatic rings, one of which contains a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H). The molecule has a molecular weight of 496.44 g/mol and a red-orange color. Ponceau 4R has been shown to exhibit biological activity by binding to proteins and enzymes, disrupting cell function and signal transduction pathways, and inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The mechanism of action of Ponceau 4R involves the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of various signaling pathways, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. The bioactivity and potency of Ponceau 4R depend on various factors, such as the concentration, exposure time, and cellular context.
Biological Effects
Ponceau 4R has been shown to have potential therapeutic and toxic effects on various cell types and tissues. In vitro studies have demonstrated that Ponceau 4R can induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells, as well as modulate the expression of genes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the use of Ponceau 4R in medical research is limited due to its potential toxicity and adverse effects on human health. Animal studies have shown that Ponceau 4R can cause liver and kidney damage, as well as alter the gut microbiota and immune system. The potential therapeutic and toxic effects of Ponceau 4R on human health require further investigation.
Applications
Ponceau 4R has various applications in different fields, including medical research, environmental research, and industrial research. In medical research, Ponceau 4R has been used as a tool to study the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation on cell function and signaling pathways. It has also been investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer and other diseases. However, the use of Ponceau 4R in clinical trials is limited due to its potential toxicity and adverse effects on human health. In environmental research, Ponceau 4R has been shown to have adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, such as reducing the growth and survival of fish and other aquatic organisms. It has also been investigated as a potential tool for pollution management and sustainability, such as removing heavy metals from contaminated soils and water. In industrial research, Ponceau 4R has been used as a food colorant to improve the appearance and quality of various food products. However, the use of Ponceau 4R in manufacturing processes requires careful consideration of health and safety considerations.
Future Perspectives and Challenges
The use and study of Ponceau 4R face various limitations and challenges, such as the lack of standardized methods for its synthesis and analysis, the potential toxicity and adverse effects on human health and the environment, and the need for alternative and safer food colorants. Possible solutions and improvements include the development of more efficient and sustainable methods for the synthesis and analysis of Ponceau 4R, the identification of safer and more effective food colorants, and the implementation of stricter regulations and guidelines for the use of food additives. Future trends and prospects in the application of Ponceau 4R in scientific research include the investigation of its potential therapeutic and toxic effects on human health, the development of novel methods for its detection and analysis, and the exploration of its role in the modulation of cellular signaling pathways and gene expression.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Ponceau 4R is a synthetic food colorant that has various applications in different fields, including medical research, environmental research, and industrial research. However, concerns have been raised about its potential toxicity and adverse effects on human health and the environment. Further research is needed to fully understand the biological activity and potential therapeutic and toxic effects of Ponceau 4R, as well as to develop safer and more sustainable alternatives to food colorants.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Ponceau 4R is a synthetic food colorant that has various applications in different fields, including medical research, environmental research, and industrial research. However, concerns have been raised about its potential toxicity and adverse effects on human health and the environment. Further research is needed to fully understand the biological activity and potential therapeutic and toxic effects of Ponceau 4R, as well as to develop safer and more sustainable alternatives to food colorants.
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