Gallein
Catalog Number: BT-268974
CAS Number: 2103-64-2
Molecular Formula: C20H12O7
Molecular Weight: 364.3 g/mol
The product is for non-human research only. Not for therapeutic or veterinary use.
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Product Introduction
Description
Gallein is a natural compound that belongs to the family of flavonoids. It is a yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and methanol. Gallein has been found to possess various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.
Properties
CAS Number
2103-64-2
Product Name
Gallein
IUPAC Name
3',4',5',6'-tetrahydroxyspiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene]-1-one
Molecular Formula
C20H12O7
Molecular Weight
364.3 g/mol
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H12O7/c21-13-7-5-11-17(15(13)23)26-18-12(6-8-14(22)16(18)24)20(11)10-4-2-1-3-9(10)19(25)27-20/h1-8,21-24H
InChI Key
PHLYOKFVXIVOJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)OC23C4=C(C(=C(C=C4)O)O)OC5=C3C=CC(=C5O)O
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Synonyms
4,5-Dihydroxyfluorescein, AI3-63042, Gallein, Pyrogallolphthalein
Canonical SMILES
C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)OC23C4=C(C(=C(C=C4)O)O)OC5=C3C=CC(=C5O)O
Method of Synthesis or Extraction
Gallein can be synthesized by various methods, including the reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with malonic acid in the presence of a catalyst, or by the reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of a base. Gallein can also be extracted from natural sources such as the heartwood of the tree Pterocarpus marsupium. The efficiency and yield of each method vary, with the synthetic methods generally providing higher yields. However, the extraction method is more environmentally friendly and sustainable. Safety considerations include the use of appropriate protective equipment and the proper disposal of waste materials.
Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
The chemical structure of Gallein consists of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups and a ketone group. Gallein has been found to possess various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The mechanism of action of Gallein involves the inhibition of various enzymes and signaling pathways, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Gallein has been found to be potent in inhibiting these targets, making it a promising candidate for drug development.
Biological Effects
Gallein has been found to have various effects on cell function and signal transduction. It has been shown to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reduce oxidative stress, and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Gallein has also been found to have potential therapeutic effects in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, Gallein may also have potential toxic effects, including hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, which need to be further studied.
Applications
In medical research, Gallein has been studied for its role in drug development. It has been found to have potential as an anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent. Clinical trials have shown promising results in the treatment of various diseases, including breast cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. However, further studies are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of Gallein in humans. In environmental research, Gallein has been studied for its effects on ecosystems and its role in pollution management. Gallein has been found to have potential as a natural dye and as a biodegradable alternative to synthetic dyes. In industrial research, Gallein has been used in manufacturing processes to improve product quality and efficiency. Health and safety considerations include the proper handling and disposal of Gallein and its waste materials.
Future Perspectives and Challenges
Current limitations in the use and study of Gallein include the lack of standardized methods for its synthesis and extraction, the need for further studies on its safety and efficacy, and the need for more research on its potential applications in various fields. Possible solutions and improvements include the development of more efficient and sustainable methods for the synthesis and extraction of Gallein, the use of animal models to study its safety and efficacy, and the exploration of its potential applications in fields such as agriculture and food science. Future trends and prospects in the application of Gallein in scientific research include the development of new drugs and therapies based on its biological activity, the use of Gallein as a natural dye and alternative to synthetic dyes, and the exploration of its potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly material.
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