Indigo carmine
Catalog Number: BT-271012
CAS Number: 860-22-0
Molecular Formula: C16H8N2Na2O8S2
Molecular Weight: 466.4 g/mol
The product is for non-human research only. Not for therapeutic or veterinary use.
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Product Introduction
Description
Indigo carmine is a synthetic dye that is commonly used in various industries, including medical, environmental, and industrial research. It is a water-soluble compound that is widely used as a pH indicator, and it has been shown to have potential therapeutic and toxic effects. We will also explore the future perspectives and challenges associated with the use of indigo carmine.
Properties
CAS Number
860-22-0
Product Name
Indigo carmine
IUPAC Name
disodium;2-(3-hydroxy-5-sulfonato-1H-indol-2-yl)-3-oxoindole-5-sulfonate
Molecular Formula
C16H8N2Na2O8S2
Molecular Weight
466.4 g/mol
InChI
InChI=1S/C16H10N2O8S2.2Na/c19-15-9-5-7(27(21,22)23)1-3-11(9)17-13(15)14-16(20)10-6-8(28(24,25)26)2-4-12(10)18-14;;/h1-6,17,19H,(H,21,22,23)(H,24,25,26);;/q;2*+1/p-2
InChI Key
KHLVKKOJDHCJMG-HLBFIJABSA-L
SMILES
C1=CC2=C(C=C1S(=O)(=O)[O-])C(=C(N2)C3=NC4=C(C3=O)C=C(C=C4)S(=O)(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+]
Solubility
10 to 50 mg/mL at 70.7° F (NTP, 1992)
Slightly soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble in most other organic solvents
Insoluble in benzene, chloroform
9 mg/mL in ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether; 3 mg/mL in ethanol
Soluble in water, ethanol; insoluble in organic solvents
In water, 3 mg/mL
One gram dissolves in about 100 mL water at 25 °C
Slightly soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble in most other organic solvents
Insoluble in benzene, chloroform
9 mg/mL in ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether; 3 mg/mL in ethanol
Soluble in water, ethanol; insoluble in organic solvents
In water, 3 mg/mL
One gram dissolves in about 100 mL water at 25 °C
Synonyms
(delta-2,2'-biindole)-3,3'-dione
2-(1,3-Dihydro-3-oxo-5-sulpho-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-3- oxoindoline-5-sulphonic acid
Carmine, Indigo
D and C Blue NO. 6
FD and C Blue No. 2
indigo
Indigo Blue
Indigo Blue, Soluble
Indigo Carmine
Indigo Disulfonate
indigotin
Indigotindisulfonate
Indigotindisulfonate Sodium
Indigotindisulfonic Acid
Soluble Indigo Blue
2-(1,3-Dihydro-3-oxo-5-sulpho-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-3- oxoindoline-5-sulphonic acid
Carmine, Indigo
D and C Blue NO. 6
FD and C Blue No. 2
indigo
Indigo Blue
Indigo Blue, Soluble
Indigo Carmine
Indigo Disulfonate
indigotin
Indigotindisulfonate
Indigotindisulfonate Sodium
Indigotindisulfonic Acid
Soluble Indigo Blue
Canonical SMILES
C1=CC2=C(C=C1S(=O)(=O)[O-])C(=C(N2)C3=NC4=C(C3=O)C=C(C=C4)S(=O)(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+]
Method of Synthesis or Extraction
Indigo carmine can be synthesized by several methods, including the oxidation of indigo with sodium hypochlorite, the reaction of indigo with sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and the reaction of indigo with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid. The efficiency and yield of each method vary, with the oxidation method being the most efficient and yielding the highest amount of indigo carmine. However, this method also has environmental and safety considerations, as it involves the use of sodium hypochlorite, which is a hazardous chemical. The other methods also have their own limitations, such as low yield and the use of hazardous chemicals.
Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
Indigo carmine has a chemical formula of C16H8N2Na2O8S2 and a molecular weight of 466.36 g/mol. It is a sulfonated derivative of indigo, which is a natural dye extracted from the leaves of the indigo plant. Indigo carmine has been shown to have biological activity, particularly in its ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. It has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Biological Effects
Indigo carmine has been shown to have various biological effects on cell function and signal transduction. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, as mentioned earlier, and it has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, indigo carmine also has potential toxic effects, particularly in high doses. It has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in animal studies, and it has also been shown to have mutagenic and genotoxic effects.
Applications
Indigo carmine has various applications in medical, environmental, and industrial research. In medical research, it is used as a pH indicator in various diagnostic tests, such as endoscopy and urology. It is also being studied for its potential role in drug development, particularly in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. In environmental research, indigo carmine is used to study the effects of pollutants on ecosystems, and it is also being studied for its potential role in pollution management and sustainability. In industrial research, indigo carmine is used in manufacturing processes to improve product quality and efficiency. However, health and safety considerations must be taken into account when using indigo carmine in industrial settings.
Future Perspectives and Challenges
The use of indigo carmine in scientific research is still limited by its potential toxic effects and the lack of understanding of its mechanism of action. Future research should focus on elucidating the biological pathways involved in its anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as its potential toxic effects. Possible solutions and improvements include the development of safer and more efficient methods of synthesis or extraction, as well as the development of new derivatives with improved bioactivity and reduced toxicity. Future trends and prospects in the application of indigo carmine in scientific research include its potential use in personalized medicine and its role in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
Conclusion:
Indigo carmine is a synthetic dye that has various applications in medical, environmental, and industrial research. Its synthesis and extraction methods, chemical structure, biological activity, and potential applications have been discussed in this paper. While indigo carmine has shown potential therapeutic effects, its potential toxic effects must also be taken into account. Future research should focus on elucidating its mechanism of action and developing safer and more efficient methods of synthesis or extraction.
Conclusion:
Indigo carmine is a synthetic dye that has various applications in medical, environmental, and industrial research. Its synthesis and extraction methods, chemical structure, biological activity, and potential applications have been discussed in this paper. While indigo carmine has shown potential therapeutic effects, its potential toxic effects must also be taken into account. Future research should focus on elucidating its mechanism of action and developing safer and more efficient methods of synthesis or extraction.
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