Piritrexim
Catalog Number: BT-278677
CAS Number: 72732-56-0
Molecular Formula: C17H19N5O2
Molecular Weight: 325.4 g/mol
The product is for non-human research only. Not for therapeutic or veterinary use.
Product Introduction
Description
Piritrexim is a synthetic antifolate drug that has been used in medical, environmental, and industrial research. It is a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme that is essential for the synthesis of nucleotides and DNA. Piritrexim has been shown to have potential therapeutic effects in cancer treatment, as well as in the management of pollution and manufacturing processes. This paper will provide an overview of the synthesis and extraction methods of piritrexim, its chemical structure and biological activity, its effects on cell function and signal transduction, its applications in medical, environmental, and industrial research, and future perspectives and challenges.
Properties
CAS Number
72732-56-0
Product Name
Piritrexim
IUPAC Name
6-[(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine
Molecular Formula
C17H19N5O2
Molecular Weight
325.4 g/mol
InChI
InChI=1S/C17H19N5O2/c1-9-11(6-10-7-12(23-2)4-5-13(10)24-3)8-20-16-14(9)15(18)21-17(19)22-16/h4-5,7-8H,6H2,1-3H3,(H4,18,19,20,21,22)
InChI Key
VJXSSYDSOJBUAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
CC1=C2C(=NC(=NC2=NC=C1CC3=C(C=CC(=C3)OC)OC)N)N
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Synonyms
2,4-diamino-6-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-5-methylpyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidine
BW 301U
BW-301U
BW301U
piritrexim
piritrexim monohydrochloride
BW 301U
BW-301U
BW301U
piritrexim
piritrexim monohydrochloride
Canonical SMILES
CC1=C2C(=NC(=NC2=NC=C1CC3=C(C=CC(=C3)OC)OC)N)N
Method of Synthesis or Extraction
Piritrexim can be synthesized using a variety of methods, including the reaction of 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine with ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation. Another method involves the reaction of 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine with ethyl 2-chloro-4-oxobutanoate, followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation. The efficiency and yield of each method depend on the reaction conditions and the purity of the starting materials. Environmental and safety considerations should be taken into account during the synthesis process, as some of the starting materials and byproducts may be hazardous.
Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
Piritrexim has a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring system with a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylmethyl substituent at the 6-position and a methyl group at the 5-position. It is a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, which is essential for the synthesis of nucleotides and DNA. Piritrexim binds to the active site of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, which is required for the synthesis of thymidylate and purines. Piritrexim has been shown to have potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo, and has been used in clinical trials for the treatment of various types of cancer.
Biological Effects
Piritrexim has been shown to have a variety of effects on cell function and signal transduction. It has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells by activating the caspase cascade and inhibiting the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Piritrexim has also been shown to inhibit the activation of NF-κB, a transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of cell survival and inflammation. In addition, piritrexim has been shown to inhibit the activity of protein kinase C, an enzyme that is involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. However, piritrexim may also have potential toxic effects on normal cells, as it can inhibit the proliferation of normal hematopoietic cells and cause myelosuppression.
Applications
Piritrexim has been used in medical research for its potential therapeutic effects in cancer treatment. It has been shown to have activity against a variety of cancer cell lines, including breast, lung, colon, and ovarian cancer. Piritrexim has been used in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced solid tumors, and has shown promising results in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. However, piritrexim may also have potential side effects, including myelosuppression, gastrointestinal toxicity, and renal toxicity.
In environmental research, piritrexim has been used to study its effects on ecosystems and its role in pollution management. Piritrexim has been shown to have potential for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils and water, as it can form stable complexes with metal ions. However, the use of piritrexim in pollution management may also have potential environmental impacts, as it can affect the microbial communities in soil and water.
In industrial research, piritrexim has been used in manufacturing processes to improve product quality and efficiency. Piritrexim has been used as a chiral auxiliary in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, and has been shown to improve the yield and enantioselectivity of the reaction. However, health and safety considerations should be taken into account during the use of piritrexim in industrial processes, as it may be hazardous to workers and the environment.
In environmental research, piritrexim has been used to study its effects on ecosystems and its role in pollution management. Piritrexim has been shown to have potential for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils and water, as it can form stable complexes with metal ions. However, the use of piritrexim in pollution management may also have potential environmental impacts, as it can affect the microbial communities in soil and water.
In industrial research, piritrexim has been used in manufacturing processes to improve product quality and efficiency. Piritrexim has been used as a chiral auxiliary in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, and has been shown to improve the yield and enantioselectivity of the reaction. However, health and safety considerations should be taken into account during the use of piritrexim in industrial processes, as it may be hazardous to workers and the environment.
Future Perspectives and Challenges
Despite the potential therapeutic and environmental applications of piritrexim, there are still limitations in its use and study. The toxicity of piritrexim to normal cells and the potential environmental impacts of its use in pollution management and industrial processes need to be further investigated. Possible solutions and improvements include the development of more selective and less toxic analogs of piritrexim, and the optimization of the synthesis and extraction methods to reduce the environmental impact. Future trends and prospects in the application of piritrexim in scientific research include the development of combination therapies for cancer treatment, the use of piritrexim in the treatment of other diseases, and the exploration of its potential in environmental and industrial applications.
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