Melamine pyrophosphate

Melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) is a flame retardant that has been extensively studied for its effectiveness in enhancing the fire resistance of various materials. The compound is known for its ability to promote char formation and act as a barrier to fire, thereby reducing the flammability of the materials it is applied to. Research has delved into the synthesis of MPP, its flame-retardant mechanisms, and its applications in different fields, including polyamides, rigid polyurethane foams, wood flour/polypropylene composites, and epoxy resins123467810.

The flame-retardant properties of MPP are attributed to its ability to induce significant cross-linking in materials such as polyamide 66, leading to the formation of a stable char layer during combustion1. In the case of rigid polyurethane foam, MPP in combination with steel slag powder enhances the thermal resistance of the char layer formed, thereby improving flame retardancy2. The synergistic effect of MPP with aluminum hypophosphite in polypropylene/wood flour composites results in the formation of inert gases and phosphates, which dilute flammable gases and contribute to the formation of an intumescent char residue3. Furthermore, the decomposition pathways and molecular mechanisms of MPP in epoxy resin have been explored, revealing that MPP can form a highly voluminous residue that effectively protects the material during combustion4. The multimodal action of MPP in polyamide 66 has been mapped, showing its role in both the condensed and gas phases under fire scenarios5.

Polyamides

MPP has been shown to improve the flame retardancy of polyamides by inducing cross-linking and depolymerization, which are crucial for the formation of a stable char layer during thermal degradation1.

Rigid Polyurethane Foams

The combination of MPP with industrial waste such as steel slag powder has been found to enhance the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams without significantly altering their thermal stability2.

Wood Flour/Polypropylene Composites

MPP, when used in conjunction with aluminum hypophosphite, has demonstrated a remarkable capacity for flame retardancy in wood flour/polypropylene composites, significantly enhancing thermal stability and char forming ability3.

Epoxy Resins

In epoxy resins, MPP has been used to create synergistic multicomponent systems that form effective protection layers during combustion, thus improving the material's resistance to fire4.

Flame-Retardant Coatings

Melamine phosphates and pyrophosphates, including MPP, have been utilized in various flame-retardant coatings, such as intumescent coatings, due to their ability to undergo multiple vapor phase and solid phase actions8.

Pyrolysis Modeling

MPP has also been incorporated into pyrolysis models for intumescent flame retardant systems, aiding in the prediction of material fire behavior and enabling the design of materials with reduced flammability10.