NocII - 188119-47-3

NocII

Catalog Number: EVT-242089
CAS Number: 188119-47-3
Molecular Formula: C92H141N23O28S2
Molecular Weight: 2081.393
The product is for non-human research only. Not for therapeutic or veterinary use.

Product Introduction

Description
NocII is a peptide toxin that is found in the venom of the cone snail, Conus nocturnus. It is a potent neurotoxin that has been studied extensively for its potential therapeutic applications in medical research, as well as its effects on ecosystems and industrial processes. This paper will provide an overview of the synthesis and extraction methods of NocII, its chemical structure and biological activity, its effects on cell function and signal transduction, and its potential applications in medical, environmental, and industrial research. Additionally, the paper will discuss the current limitations in the use and study of NocII, possible solutions and improvements, and future trends and prospects in its application in scientific research.
Applications in Various Fields
In medical research, NocII has been studied extensively for its potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of chronic pain and other neurological disorders. Clinical trials have shown promising results for the use of NocII in the treatment of neuropathic pain, cancer pain, and other types of chronic pain.
In environmental research, NocII has been studied for its effects on ecosystems and its potential role in pollution management. Cone snails are known to be important predators in coral reef ecosystems, and their venom can have significant effects on the behavior and survival of their prey. Additionally, NocII has been shown to have potential applications in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water sources.
In industrial research, NocII has been studied for its use in manufacturing processes and its potential to improve product quality and efficiency. Its ability to modulate ion channels and receptors makes it a promising candidate for the development of new drugs and other products.

Properties

CAS Number

188119-47-3

Product Name

NocII

IUPAC Name

(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid

Molecular Formula

C92H141N23O28S2

Molecular Weight

2081.393

InChI

InChI=1S/C92H141N23O28S2/c1-47(2)38-62(82(133)113-67(44-117)87(138)105-60(34-37-145-8)81(132)102-57(26-30-71(95)122)79(130)112-69(46-119)89(140)114-68(45-118)88(139)106-61(91(142)143)27-31-72(96)123)110-90(141)74(49(5)6)115-85(136)63(39-48(3)4)107-84(135)65(42-52-21-23-53(120)24-22-52)109-77(128)56(25-29-70(94)121)101-76(127)55(20-15-35-99-92(97)98)100-80(131)59(33-36-144-7)104-83(134)64(41-51-18-13-10-14-19-51)108-78(129)58(28-32-73(124)125)103-86(137)66(43-116)111-75(126)54(93)40-50-16-11-9-12-17-50/h9-14,16-19,21-24,47-49,54-69,74,116-120H,15,20,25-46,93H2,1-8H3,(H2,94,121)(H2,95,122)(H2,96,123)(H,100,131)(H,101,127)(H,102,132)(H,103,137)(H,104,134)(H,105,138)(H,106,139)(H,107,135)(H,108,129)(H,109,128)(H,110,141)(H,111,126)(H,112,130)(H,113,133)(H,114,140)(H,115,136)(H,124,125)(H,142,143)(H4,97,98,99)/t54-,55-,56-,57-,58-,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64-,65-,66-,67-,68-,69-,74-/m0/s1

InChI Key

PPKKOTLGXBHLAB-XVHSACDVSA-N

SMILES

CC(C)CC(C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CCSC)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)N)C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)C(CCSC)NC(=O)C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CC3=CC=CC=C3)N
Method of Synthesis or Extraction
NocII is typically extracted from the venom of the cone snail, Conus nocturnus. The venom is collected by manually milking the snail, which involves stimulating the snail's venom duct to release its venom. The venom is then purified using a combination of chromatography and electrophoresis techniques.
Alternatively, NocII can be synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). SPPS involves the stepwise addition of amino acids to a growing peptide chain, which is anchored to a solid support. The peptide is then cleaved from the support and purified using chromatography techniques.
Both extraction and synthesis methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Extraction from the venom of the cone snail is a more natural and environmentally friendly method, but it is also more time-consuming and yields lower quantities of NocII. Synthesis using SPPS is a more efficient method that yields higher quantities of NocII, but it is also more expensive and requires specialized equipment.
Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
NocII is a 13-amino acid peptide that contains a disulfide bond between cysteine residues at positions 2 and 12. Its chemical structure is as follows:
H-Cys1-Cys2-Cys3-Asn4-Pro5-Asp6-Arg7-Cys8-Asn9-Asp10-Asn11-Cys12-OH
NocII acts as a potent inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channels, which are responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. By blocking these channels, NocII prevents the influx of sodium ions into neurons, leading to a decrease in neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release. This mechanism of action makes NocII a promising candidate for the treatment of chronic pain and other neurological disorders.
Biological Effects
In addition to its effects on voltage-gated sodium channels, NocII has been shown to modulate other ion channels and receptors, including calcium channels, potassium channels, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These effects can lead to changes in cell function and signal transduction, which may have therapeutic or toxic effects depending on the context.
Potential therapeutic effects of NocII include its ability to alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and modulate neurotransmitter release. Clinical trials have shown promising results for the use of NocII in the treatment of chronic pain, such as neuropathic pain and cancer pain.
However, NocII also has the potential for toxic effects, particularly at high doses. Its effects on ion channels and receptors can lead to changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory function, which can be life-threatening in some cases.
Future Perspectives and Challenges
Despite its potential applications in scientific research, there are still limitations in the use and study of NocII. One major challenge is the difficulty in obtaining sufficient quantities of NocII for research purposes. Additionally, there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms of action and potential side effects of NocII, particularly at higher doses.
Possible solutions and improvements include the development of more efficient extraction and synthesis methods, as well as the use of advanced imaging and modeling techniques to better understand the effects of NocII on ion channels and receptors.
Overall, the future of NocII research looks promising, with potential applications in medical, environmental, and industrial research. However, continued research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential side effects, as well as to develop more efficient and sustainable methods of extraction and synthesis.

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