Galanin (porcine) - 88813-36-9

Galanin (porcine)

Catalog Number: EVT-242154
CAS Number: 88813-36-9
Molecular Formula: C146H213N43O40
Molecular Weight: 3210.5 g/mol
The product is for non-human research only. Not for therapeutic or veterinary use.

Product Introduction

Description

Galanin is a 29 amino acid peptide originally isolated from porcine intestine, which has been found to have a wide range of biological activities1. It is involved in various physiological processes, including the modulation of hormone secretion, smooth muscle contraction, and blood glucose regulation25. The peptide has been identified in several species, including humans, rats, and pigs, and has been shown to have similar biological activities across these species4. The discovery and characterization of galanin have led to a significant interest in its potential applications in various fields, including endocrinology, gastroenterology, and cardiology.

Applications in Various Fields

Endocrinology

In the field of endocrinology, galanin has been shown to have significant effects on hormone secretion. It inhibits basal and stimulated insulin secretion, as well as the secretion of somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide2. The peptide also influences glucagon secretion, although the results in the literature are inconsistent2. Furthermore, galanin has been identified as a hypothalamic factor that can stimulate the release of growth hormone, suggesting a neuromodulatory role at the level of the median eminence8.

Gastroenterology

Galanin's role in gastroenterology is highlighted by its ability to modulate intestinal functions. It inhibits the neural release of VIP and can directly affect circular muscle motility in the intestine3. These actions suggest that galanin may be involved in the regulation of intestinal motility and could have therapeutic potential in disorders characterized by dysmotility.

Cardiology

In cardiology, galanin has been found to inhibit cardiac vagal action and lower blood pressure in animal models4. This indicates that galanin or its analogs could be explored as potential treatments for conditions such as hypertension or heart rate disorders.

Diabetes Research

Galanin's inhibitory effect on insulin secretion has made it a subject of interest in diabetes research. Studies have shown that both the full-length peptide and its fragments can modulate glucose-induced insulin secretion, with certain analogs even reversing the inhibitory effect of native galanin10. This suggests that galanin or its analogs could be used to develop new therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes.

Properties

CAS Number

88813-36-9

Product Name

Galanin (porcine)

IUPAC Name

3-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[4-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[2-[[2-[[1-[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[2-[[2-[[4-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]acetyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-[[6-amino-1-[[1-[[2-[[1-[(1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid

Molecular Formula

C146H213N43O40

Molecular Weight

3210.5 g/mol

InChI

InChI=1S/C146H213N43O40/c1-15-75(10)119(187-123(207)78(13)167-129(213)101(51-84-60-154-68-162-84)182-143(227)110-31-24-42-189(110)116(200)65-161-124(208)93(43-71(2)3)173-130(214)95(45-73(6)7)174-132(216)98(49-82-34-38-88(194)39-35-82)170-114(198)63-159-122(206)77(12)166-141(225)108(66-190)186-137(221)105(55-112(150)196)179-131(215)96(46-74(8)9)183-145(229)120(79(14)192)188-140(224)100(168-113(197)58-148)50-83-59-158-90-28-20-19-27-89(83)90)144(228)184-107(57-118(203)204)139(223)180-104(54-111(149)195)136(220)178-102(52-85-61-155-69-163-85)134(218)172-92(30-23-41-157-146(152)153)127(211)185-109(67-191)142(226)176-99(47-80-25-17-16-18-26-80)133(217)177-103(53-86-62-156-70-164-86)135(219)181-106(56-117(201)202)138(222)171-91(29-21-22-40-147)126(210)175-97(48-81-32-36-87(193)37-33-81)125(209)160-64-115(199)169-94(44-72(4)5)128(212)165-76(11)121(151)205/h16-20,25-28,32-39,59-62,68-79,91-110,119-120,158,190-194H,15,21-24,29-31,40-58,63-67,147-148H2,1-14H3,(H2,149,195)(H2,150,196)(H2,151,205)(H,154,162)(H,155,163)(H,156,164)(H,159,206)(H,160,209)(H,161,208)(H,165,212)(H,166,225)(H,167,213)(H,168,197)(H,169,199)(H,170,198)(H,171,222)(H,172,218)(H,173,214)(H,174,216)(H,175,210)(H,176,226)(H,177,217)(H,178,220)(H,179,215)(H,180,223)(H,181,219)(H,182,227)(H,183,229)(H,184,228)(H,185,211)(H,186,221)(H,187,207)(H,188,224)(H,201,202)(H,203,204)(H4,152,153,157)

InChI Key

SLZIZIJTGAYEKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(CC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CC(=O)N)C(=O)NC(CC1=CNC=N1)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)NC(CC3=CN=CN3)C(=O)NC(CC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)N)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CC5=CN=CN5)NC(=O)C6CCCN6C(=O)CNC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC7=CC=C(C=C7)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C(CC8=CNC9=CC=CC=C98)NC(=O)CN

Canonical SMILES

CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(CC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CC(=O)N)C(=O)NC(CC1=CNC=N1)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)NC(CC3=CN=CN3)C(=O)NC(CC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)N)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CC5=CN=CN5)NC(=O)C6CCCN6C(=O)CNC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC7=CC=C(C=C7)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C(CC8=CNC9=CC=CC=C98)NC(=O)CN
Mechanism of Action

Galanin exerts its effects through interaction with specific receptors, which have been identified in various tissues. The peptide has been shown to inhibit insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, possibly through the activation of ATP-regulated K+ channels, leading to repolarization and a reduction in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration2. This action suggests that galanin may play a role in the regulation of blood glucose levels. In the gastrointestinal tract, galanin can modulate the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and affect smooth muscle motility, indicating a role in the regulation of intestinal functions3. Additionally, galanin has been implicated in the modulation of cardiac vagal action and blood pressure regulation4.

Method of Synthesis or Extraction
Galanin can be synthesized using a variety of methods, including solid-phase peptide synthesis and recombinant DNA technology. Solid-phase peptide synthesis involves the stepwise addition of amino acids to a growing peptide chain, while recombinant DNA technology involves the insertion of the galanin gene into a host organism, such as bacteria or yeast, which then produces the peptide.
The efficiency and yield of each method can vary depending on the specific conditions used. Solid-phase peptide synthesis can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, but can yield high purity peptides. Recombinant DNA technology can produce large quantities of galanin, but may require additional purification steps to remove impurities.
Environmental and safety considerations are important when synthesizing or extracting galanin. Solid-phase peptide synthesis can generate large amounts of waste, including solvents and reagents, which must be disposed of properly. Recombinant DNA technology may involve the use of genetically modified organisms, which can pose potential risks to the environment and human health.
Chemical Structure and Biological Activity
Galanin is a 29-amino acid peptide that is highly conserved across species. It has been shown to bind to three different G protein-coupled receptors, known as GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3. The binding of galanin to these receptors can activate a variety of signaling pathways, including the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and the activation of phospholipase C.
The biological activity of galanin is diverse and can vary depending on the specific receptor subtype and tissue type. Galanin has been shown to modulate pain perception, regulate feeding behavior, and play a role in the regulation of the reproductive system. Galanin has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and depression.
Biological Effects
Galanin can have a variety of effects on cell function and signal transduction. It has been shown to modulate the release of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. Galanin can also regulate the activity of ion channels, including calcium and potassium channels.
The potential therapeutic and toxic effects of galanin are still being studied. Galanin has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. However, galanin has also been implicated in the development of certain cancers, including breast and prostate cancer.
Future Perspectives and Challenges
Current limitations in the use and study of galanin include the lack of specific and selective agonists and antagonists for each receptor subtype, as well as the need for further research into the potential therapeutic and toxic effects of galanin. Possible solutions and improvements include the development of more specific and selective galanin receptor ligands, as well as the use of advanced imaging techniques to study the localization and distribution of galanin in the brain and other tissues.
Future trends and prospects in the application of galanin in scientific research include the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases, as well as the use of galanin as a biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. Galanin may also have potential applications in the field of regenerative medicine, as a growth factor for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues.

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