Recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ATL4 (ATL4)
Description
Overview of Recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase ATL4 (ATL4)
E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as Recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ATL4 (ATL4), play a crucial role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) . The UPS is a highly regulated enzymatic cascade that involves E1, E2, and E3 enzymes . The E3 ubiquitin ligase is responsible for substrate recognition and facilitating the transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to a substrate protein, marking it for degradation or altering its function . The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes a large number of putative E3 ubiquitin ligases, allowing for a flexible response to environmental changes and stresses .
Functional Mechanisms
The ubiquitination process is essential for various cellular processes. It involves a three-step enzymatic cascade :
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Activation of ubiquitin by an E1 activating enzyme.
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Transfer of ubiquitin to an E2 conjugating enzyme.
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Substrate recognition and ubiquitin transfer to the target protein, mediated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase .
E3 ubiquitin ligases confer substrate specificity in the ubiquitination pathway . They can be classified into different groups based on specific domains, with the HECT, U-box, and RING families being the most important . For example, ATL31, a RING-type ubiquitin ligase, targets 14-3-3 proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system during the response to cellular carbon/nitrogen status .
Classes of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
E3 ubiquitin ligases are classified into different groups based on the presence of specific domains, with the RING finger domain being the most common .
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RING-type E3 ligases The RING-finger domain is the most abundant class in plants .
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HECT-type E3 ligases HECT-type E3 ligases are characterized by a conserved C-terminal domain that binds to ubiquitin.
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U-box E3 ligases U-box E3 ligases are similar to RING-finger E3 ligases but lack the conserved zinc-binding motifs.
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Other E3 ligases Other E3 ligases contain a variety of domains, such as F-box, BTB, and Skp1 domains.
Biological Processes and Interactions
E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes, including hormonal control of vegetative growth and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses .
Table 1: Examples of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases and Their Functions in Arabidopsis thaliana
| E3 Ubiquitin Ligase | E3 Type | Biological Processes |
|---|---|---|
| TIR1 | F-box | Auxin receptor |
| COP1 | RING-HCa | Photomorphogenesis |
| EBF1/2 | F-box | Ethylene signaling |
| NPR1 | BTB | Salicylic and jasmonic acid response |
| CHIP | U-BOX | Temperature stress |
| SLY1/SNE | F-box | GA signaling |
Product Specs
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