Recombinant Mouse Interleukin-9 protein (Il9) (Active)
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Description
Mechanism of Action
IL-9 binds to the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R), which dimerizes with the common gamma chain (γc) to activate JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K pathways . Key roles include:
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Immune Cell Regulation: Enhances mast cell survival, Th9/Th17 differentiation, and Treg suppressive activity .
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Inflammatory Modulation: Drives IgE production, eosinophil recruitment, and mucus metaplasia in asthma models .
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Dual Roles in Cancer: Promotes antitumor immunity via mast cell activation but may suppress immune responses via Treg recruitment .
3.1. Preclinical Disease Models
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Asthma: IL-9 induces bronchial hyperresponsiveness and mucus overproduction in murine asthma models .
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Cancer: In B16F10 melanoma and Lewis Lung carcinoma models, IL-9 reduces tumor growth via mast cell-dependent mechanisms .
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Autoimmunity: IL-9 fusion proteins targeting fibronectin EDA delay arthritis progression in collagen-induced models .
3.2. Functional Assays
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Proliferation Assays: ED₅₀ values of 0.382–5.0 ng/mL in MO7e and Th9 cell lines .
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Targeted Delivery: Antibody-IL9 fusions (e.g., F8-IL9) achieve tumor:blood ratios >10:1 in biodistribution studies .
Controversies and Limitations
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Therapeutic Efficacy: While IL-9 enhances antitumor immunity in melanoma , recent studies show minimal therapeutic impact in CT26 and F9 teratocarcinoma models at tolerated doses .
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Innate vs. Adaptive Sources: IL-9 production in papain-induced lung inflammation is innate lymphoid cell (ILC)-dependent but requires adaptive immune-derived IL-2 for sustained expression .
Comparative Activity Across Expression Systems
Key Research Findings
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Th9 Differentiation: TGF-β reprograms Th2 cells to IL-9-secreting Th9 cells, linking IL-9 to chronic inflammation .
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Mast Cell Dependency: IL-9’s antitumor effects in melanoma require mast cells but not T/B cells .
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Arthritis Resolution: Hydrodynamic IL-9 gene delivery reduces bone loss in murine arthritis via ILC2-Treg crosstalk .
Future Directions
Product Specs
Buffer
0.2 µm filtered PBS, pH 7.4, lyophilized
Form
Liquid or lyophilized powder
Lead Time
5-10 business days
Shelf Life
Shelf life depends on several factors, including storage conditions, buffer composition, temperature, and protein stability. Generally, liquid formulations have a 6-month shelf life at -20°C/-80°C, while lyophilized formulations have a 12-month shelf life at -20°C/-80°C.
Storage Condition
Upon receipt, store at -20°C/-80°C. Aliquot to prevent repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Tag Info
Tag-Free
Synonyms
Il9; Interleukin-9; IL-9; Cytokine P40; T-cell growth factor P40
Datasheet & Coa
Please contact us to get it.
Expression Region
19-144aa
Mol. Weight
14.2 kDa
Protein Length
Full Length of Mature Protein
Purity
>97% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
Research Area
Immunology
Source
E.Coli
Species
Mus musculus (Mouse)
Target Names
Uniprot No.
Target Background
Function
Supports the IL-2-independent and IL-4-independent growth of helper T cells.
Gene References Into Functions
- Interleukin 9 (IL-9) plays a significant role in the progression of hepatic damage induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection. (PMID: 28539607)
- The conserved regulatory element IL9 CNS-25/IL9 CNS-18 is crucial for IL-9 production in both mice and humans. (PMID: 30442929)
- Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) occupancy correlates with reduced interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) abundance, suggesting competition for binding at the interleukin 9 (IL9) locus. (PMID: 28497800)
- Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assays demonstrate direct Foxo1 binding to the IL9 and IRF4 promoters, leading to their transactivation. (PMID: 29339772)
- CXCL10, but not CXCL9 or CXCL11, induced IL-9 expression in liver tissue. (PMID: 29860220)
- Chronic kidney disease exacerbates vein graft disease through mechanisms involving IL-9 and mast cell activation. (PMID: 29048463)
- Environmental factors influence Th9 phenotype stability, suggesting strategies to enhance Th9 activity in beneficial immune responses. (PMID: 28137893)
- Follicular helper T cell-derived IL-9 promotes germinal center development of memory B cells. (PMID: 28650481)
- In mice, IL-9 deficiency impaired ILC2 proliferation and regulatory T (Treg) cell activation, resulting in chronic arthritis with severe cartilage and bone damage. (PMID: 28714991)
- IL-9 is a key regulator of megakaryopoiesis and a potential therapeutic target for thrombocytopenia. (PMID: 28450306)
- Group 2 innate lymphoid cells utilize the IRF4-IL-9 module to maintain lung epithelial cell homeostasis. (PMID: 26129648)
- The Th9/IL-9 pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). (PMID: 26603936)
- IL-9 exhibits pro-atherosclerotic effects in ApoE-/- mice, at least partly by inducing VCAM-1 expression and subsequent inflammatory cell infiltration into atherosclerotic lesions. (PMID: 25784693)
- IL-9 is essential for effective expansion of mucosal mast cells, promoting intestinal mastocytosis and susceptibility to experimental food allergy via an IL-9-dependent autocrine mechanism. (PMID: 26410628)
- IL-9 production following chlamydial lung infection is not essential for host defense against the bacteria. (PMID: 25646821)
- IL-25-stimulated dendritic cells induce chemokines, such as CCL17, attracting IL-9-producing T cells. (PMID: 26371249)
- Th9 cells are a major source of IL-9 in allergic inflammation and play a significant role in mast cell accumulation and activation. (PMID: 25746972)
- IRF4 binds to the IL1b and IL9 promoters; tick-derived sialostatin L preferentially suppresses mast cell-derived IL-9 by inhibiting IRF4. (PMID: 26078269)
- TL1A-DR3 interactions promote Th9 differentiation and pathogenicity, suggesting TL1A as a potential therapeutic target in IL-9-dependent diseases. (PMID: 25786692)
- Neutralizing IL-9 antibodies mimic the effects of IL-9 gene deletion. (PMID: 25297635)
- IL-9 promotes interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) growth and function. (PMID: 24755995)
- High-altitude hypoxia-induced Th2 lymphocyte migration to the bone marrow promotes erythropoiesis via activin A and interleukin-9. (PMID: 24769210)
- Foxp3 Tregs suppress IL-9 production for subsequent mast cell degranulation during S. ratti infection in BALB/c mice. (PMID: 24516385)
- IL-9 regulates Th1 lymphocytes in allergic contact dermatitis by directly affecting Th1 cells and promoting IL-4 secretion. (PMID: 24487305)
- In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, BCL6 overexpression in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55-specific Th9 cells reduces IL-9 production and induces IFN-γ. (PMID: 24879792)
- BATF is crucial for IL-9 and other Th9-associated gene expression. (PMID: 24216482)
- IL-9 amplifies ILC2 function in an autocrine manner, promoting tissue repair after helminth-induced lung inflammation. (PMID: 24249111)
- TGF-β signaling regulates IL-9 production by modifying histone modifications at the Il9 locus. (PMID: 24108699)
- Th9 cells and IL-9 are crucial for host-protective type 2 immunity against parasitic worm infection. (PMID: 24138883)
- Intestinal IL-25 promotes protective immunity against T. spiralis infection by inducing antigen-specific Th9 immune response. (PMID: 23897610)
- Smad2/3 and IRF4 cooperatively transactivate the Il9 promoter, regulating allergic immune responses by inducing Th9 cells. (PMID: 23913959)
- IL-9 deficiency accelerates tumor growth, while recombinant IL-9 inhibits melanoma and lung carcinoma growth, suggesting a role in tumor immunity. (PMID: 22772464)
- IL-9-producing invariant NKT cells protect against DSS-induced colitis in an IL-4-dependent manner. (PMID: 22892939)
- A PU.1-dependent mechanism alters histone acetylation and IL-9 locus expression in Th9 cells. (PMID: 22904310)
- Notch and Smad3 cooperate to induce IL-9 and regulate immune responses. (PMID: 22503540)
- A transcription factor network regulates IL-9 expression. (PMID: 22180613)
- Sialostatin L prevents experimental asthma by inhibiting Th9 cell IL-9 production. (PMID: 22327077)
- In experimental lung inflammation, IL-9 production is largely restricted to innate lymphoid cells. (PMID: 21983833)
- IL-9 deficiency reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). (PMID: 21674475)
- Neoplastic mast cells express IL-9 receptors; IL-9 and NPM-ALK upregulate mast cell production, inducing a mastocytosis-like disease in mice. (PMID: 21297223)
- IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells are induced in an IL-4-dependent manner. (PMID: 21346235)
- IL-9 dampens the pathogenic activities of Th17 cells. (PMID: 21360526)
- The nephroprotective effects of regulatory T cells depend on IL-9-mediated mast cell recruitment to kidney-draining lymph nodes. (PMID: 21115728)
- IL-9 blockade in EAE inhibits the development of MOG peptide-specific T cells, reducing CNS infiltration. (PMID: 20805418)
- IRF4 is essential for T helper 9 cell development and asthma pathogenesis. (PMID: 20674401)
- In chronic OVA-challenged mice, bronchial mast cell accumulation is independent of IL-9. (PMID: 20480160)
- PU.1 plays a critical role in generating IL-9-producing (Th9) cells and allergic inflammation. (PMID: 20431622)
- The IL-9/IL-9R pathway is differentially involved in systemic and oral antigen-induced anaphylaxis. (PMID: 20159257)
- IL-25 regulates IL-9 expression. (PMID: 20154671)
- IL-9 expression in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. (PMID: 12555065)
Database Links
Protein Families
IL-7/IL-9 family
Subcellular Location
Secreted.
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