RIMS2 Antibody, FITC conjugated

What is RIMS2 and why is it studied in research?

RIMS2 (Regulating Synaptic Membrane Exocytosis 2) is a protein that functions as a Rab effector involved in exocytosis processes. It plays crucial roles as a scaffold protein and contributes to dendrite formation by melanocytes . RIMS2 is particularly important in neurological research due to its involvement in synaptic vesicle exocytosis pathways and hormone transport mechanisms . The protein is encoded by the RIMS2 gene (also known as KIAA0751) and is sometimes referred to as Rab-3-interacting molecule 2 or Rab-3-interacting protein 3 .

Understanding RIMS2 function requires specific antibodies that can detect its presence in various experimental contexts. FITC-conjugated antibodies against RIMS2 allow researchers to visualize this protein's expression and localization in cellular systems through fluorescence-based techniques.

What does FITC conjugation mean, and how does it work with antibodies?

FITC (Fluorescein Isothiocyanate) conjugation refers to the process of chemically attaching the fluorescent molecule FITC to an antibody. This conjugation occurs primarily through the reaction between FITC and free amino groups (mainly from lysine residues) on the antibody protein structure, forming stable conjugates .

The conjugation mechanism involves:

• FITC reacting with primary amine groups on the antibody

• Formation of stable thiourea bonds

• Creation of a protein-fluorophore complex that maintains both antibody specificity and fluorescent properties

FITC has an absorption maximum at 495 nm and emission maximum at 525 nm, producing a bright green fluorescence when excited with the appropriate wavelength light . This fluorescent property enables researchers to directly visualize and track RIMS2 protein in cellular contexts without requiring secondary detection reagents.

What are the common applications for FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies?

FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies have diverse applications in neuroscience and cellular biology research. While the search results don't specify all applications for this particular antibody, FITC-conjugated antibodies generally are used in:

• Immunocytochemistry (ICC) - For cellular localization studies of RIMS2 in fixed cells

• Immunohistochemistry (IHC) - For tissue-level detection of RIMS2 expression patterns

• Flow cytometry - For quantitative analysis of RIMS2 expression across cell populations

• Fluorescence microscopy - For high-resolution imaging of RIMS2 distribution

The FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody described in the search results (ABIN7167572) is specifically designed to recognize amino acids 667-943 of the human RIMS2 protein . This region-specific binding allows for targeted detection of RIMS2 in experimental systems.

What are optimal storage conditions for maintaining FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody activity?

To maintain the functionality of FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies, proper storage conditions are essential:

• Temperature: Store at 2-8°C (refrigerated) . Avoid repeated freezing and thawing cycles that can degrade both antibody and fluorophore functionality.

• Buffer conditions: The antibody described in the search results is provided in a liquid format with:

  • 50% Glycerol

  • 0.01M PBS

  • 0.03% Proclin 300 (preservative)

• Light protection: FITC is photosensitive, so the conjugated antibody should be stored in amber vials or wrapped in aluminum foil to protect from light exposure, which can cause photobleaching and reduced fluorescence intensity.

• Aliquoting: For frequent use, consider dividing the stock into small working aliquots to minimize repeated freeze-thaw cycles and light exposure.

Following these storage guidelines will help preserve both the binding specificity of the antibody and the fluorescence intensity of the FITC conjugate.

What are the optimal parameters for FITC conjugation to RIMS2 or other antibodies?

The optimization of FITC conjugation to antibodies like RIMS2 involves several critical parameters that researchers should consider:

Research indicates that "maximal labelling was obtained in 30–60 minutes at room temperature, pH 9.5 and an initial protein concentration of 25 mg/ml" . For specialized applications, these parameters can be adjusted to achieve the desired fluorescein/protein (F/P) ratio.

When working specifically with RIMS2 antibodies, the availability of amine groups may vary compared to other antibodies, potentially requiring optimization of the standard protocol to achieve ideal conjugation efficiency while maintaining antibody specificity and affinity .

How can researchers determine and optimize the fluorescein/protein (F/P) ratio for RIMS2 antibodies?

The fluorescein/protein (F/P) ratio is a critical quality parameter for FITC-conjugated antibodies like RIMS2. It represents the average number of FITC molecules attached to each antibody molecule.

Determination methods:

• Spectrophotometric calculation based on absorbance at 280 nm (protein) and 495 nm (FITC)

• Comparison to standards with known F/P ratios

Optimization strategies:

• Adjust FITC:antibody molar ratio in reaction mixture:

  • 5:1 ratio typically yields F/P of 1-2

  • 10:1 ratio typically yields F/P of 2-4

  • 20:1 ratio typically yields F/P of 3-6

• Purification of optimally labeled antibodies:

  • "The separation of optimally labelled antibodies from under- and over-labelled proteins may be achieved by gradient DEAE Sephadex chromatography"

The optimal F/P ratio depends on the specific application:

• For imaging applications: Higher F/P ratios (3-6) provide brighter signals

• For quantitative applications: Lower F/P ratios (1-3) minimize the risk of fluorescence quenching and antibody inactivation

• For RIMS2 detection in complex tissues: A balanced F/P ratio is essential to maintain specificity while providing adequate signal strength

What troubleshooting approaches are recommended for low signal when using FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies?

When encountering low fluorescence signal with FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies, consider the following systematic troubleshooting approaches:

Sample preparation issues:

• Insufficient antigen expression - Verify RIMS2 expression in your sample type

• Inadequate fixation/permeabilization - Optimize protocols to ensure antibody access to target

• Antigen masking - Consider antigen retrieval methods appropriate for your sample preparation

Antibody-related issues:

• Photobleaching - Minimize light exposure during storage and experimental procedures

• Suboptimal F/P ratio - Too few or too many FITC molecules can reduce effective signal

• Antibody degradation - Check storage conditions and expiration date

Detection system issues:

• Incorrect excitation/emission settings - Verify filter sets (optimal: excitation ~495 nm, emission ~525 nm)

• Insufficient antibody concentration - Titrate antibody to determine optimal working concentration

• Background autofluorescence - Use appropriate blocking reagents and consider autofluorescence quenching agents

Experimental controls to implement:

• Positive control - Use samples known to express RIMS2

• Negative control - Use samples known not to express RIMS2 or use isotype control antibodies

• Unconjugated primary + FITC-secondary antibody - To compare signal amplification options

These methodological adjustments can help researchers optimize signal detection when working with FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies in challenging experimental conditions.

How do various conjugation methods for FITC and RIMS2 antibodies compare in research applications?

Multiple methods exist for conjugating FITC to antibodies like RIMS2, each with distinct advantages for different research contexts:

The Lightning-Link® approach offers significant advantages for many researchers: "FITC conjugation / labeling in < 4 hrs with 30 secs hands-on time using FITC Conjugation Kit - Lightning-Link® ab102884. 100% antibody recovery" . This method simplifies the workflow to:

• Add modifier to antibody and incubate for 3 hours

• Add quencher and incubate for 30 minutes

• Use the conjugated antibody immediately

For RIMS2 antibodies specifically, the choice of conjugation method may depend on:

• Available antibody quantity (some methods require more starting material)

• The specific application sensitivity requirements

• Need for batch-to-batch consistency in multi-experiment studies

What are the considerations for using FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies in multi-parameter experiments?

When incorporating FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies into multi-parameter experimental designs, researchers should consider several important factors:

Spectral considerations:

• FITC emission spectrum (525 nm peak) can overlap with other green fluorophores

• Compensation is required when used alongside PE or other yellow-orange fluorophores

• Minimal spectral interference with far-red fluorophores (APC, Cy5)

Panel design strategies:

• Reserve FITC for less abundant targets when designing multicolor panels

• When studying RIMS2 alongside other targets, consider relative expression levels when assigning fluorophores

• Use brightest fluorophores for lowest expressed targets

Technical considerations:

• FITC is sensitive to photobleaching - minimize light exposure during experimental procedures

• FITC fluorescence is pH-sensitive - maintain appropriate buffer conditions

• FITC signal can be quenched by certain fixatives - optimize fixation protocols

Multiplexing applications with RIMS2-FITC:

• Neuronal subtyping studies: Combine with markers for specific neuron populations

• Signaling pathway analysis: Pair with phospho-specific antibodies to study RIMS2 in context

• Co-localization studies: Use with markers for synaptic compartments or exocytosis machinery

For flow cytometry applications, the polyclonal nature of the RIMS2 antibody ABIN7167572 may require additional validation controls compared to monoclonal antibodies when used in complex multi-parameter panels.

What is the recommended protocol for preparing samples for FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody staining?

A comprehensive sample preparation protocol for optimal FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody staining includes the following methodological steps:

For cultured cells (immunocytochemistry):

• Grow cells on appropriate coverslips or chamber slides

• Fixation: 4% paraformaldehyde (10-15 minutes at room temperature)

• Permeabilization: 0.1-0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS (5-10 minutes)

• Blocking: 1-5% BSA or normal serum in PBS (30-60 minutes)

• Primary antibody incubation: Apply diluted FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody (typically 1:50-1:500 dilution)

• Wash: 3x5 minutes with PBS

• Optional counterstaining: DAPI for nuclei (1-5 minutes)

• Mount with anti-fade mounting medium

For tissue sections (immunohistochemistry):

• Fix tissue appropriately (perfusion or immersion fixation)

• Process and section tissue (typically 5-20 μm thickness)

• Antigen retrieval: Consider heat-induced epitope retrieval if needed

• Blocking: 1-5% BSA or normal serum with 0.1-0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS (1 hour)

• Primary antibody incubation: Apply diluted FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody (typically 1:50-1:200)

• Wash: 3x10 minutes with PBS

• Optional counterstaining: DAPI for nuclei (5 minutes)

• Mount with anti-fade mounting medium

The specific RIMS2 antibody ABIN7167572 shown in the search results targets amino acids 667-943 of human RIMS2 , so appropriate sample preparation must ensure this epitope region is accessible after fixation and processing steps.

How should researchers validate the specificity of FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies?

Comprehensive validation of FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody specificity is essential for generating reliable research data. A multi-faceted validation approach should include:

Positive and negative control samples:

• Positive controls: Tissues/cells known to express RIMS2 (e.g., neuronal tissues)

• Negative controls: Tissues/cells known not to express RIMS2

• Knockout/knockdown controls: RIMS2 gene-edited or siRNA-treated samples

Technical validation controls:

• Isotype control: FITC-conjugated non-specific antibody of the same isotype (rabbit IgG for ABIN7167572)

• Absorption control: Pre-incubation of antibody with excess target antigen

• Secondary-only control: Omitting primary antibody (for indirect detection methods)

Orthogonal validation methods:

• Western blot analysis: Confirm antibody detects a protein of expected molecular weight

• RT-PCR: Verify RIMS2 mRNA expression correlates with protein detection

• Comparison with alternative RIMS2 antibodies: Compare staining patterns using antibodies targeting different epitopes

Quantitative assessment:

• Signal-to-noise ratio calculation

• Titration experiments to determine optimal working concentration

• Co-localization analysis with established RIMS2 markers

For the specific RIMS2 antibody ABIN7167572, which is a rabbit polyclonal antibody , extra validation steps may be needed compared to monoclonal antibodies due to the potential for batch-to-batch variation in polyclonal reagents.

What are the best practices for optimizing imaging parameters when using FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies?

Optimizing imaging parameters is crucial for obtaining high-quality, reproducible results with FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies. Consider these methodological best practices:

Microscope settings optimization:

• Excitation/emission configuration:

  • Excitation: 495 nm (optimal for FITC)

  • Emission filter: 520-530 nm bandpass filter

  • Dichroic mirror: 505-510 nm

• Exposure settings:

  • Start with manufacturer-recommended settings

  • Use shortest possible exposure that produces adequate signal

  • Maintain consistent settings between experimental groups

  • Avoid saturation (check histogram during acquisition)

• Resolution considerations:

  • Select objective magnification based on structure size

  • For synaptic localization of RIMS2: 60-100x oil immersion objectives recommended

  • Consider super-resolution techniques for precise localization studies

Anti-photobleaching strategies:

• Minimize pre-acquisition focusing time in the FITC channel

• Use anti-fade mounting media specifically formulated for FITC

• Consider oxygen-scavenging systems for live-cell imaging

• Use minimal illumination intensity required for adequate signal

Image acquisition protocol:

• Capture multiple fields per sample

• Z-stack acquisition for 3D localization of RIMS2

• Multichannel acquisition for co-localization studies

• Time-series acquisition for dynamics studies (with anti-photobleaching precautions)

Post-acquisition processing guidelines:

• Apply uniform adjustments across all experimental groups

• Document all processing steps for reproducibility

• Consider deconvolution for improved signal-to-noise ratio

• Implement quantitative analysis methods appropriate for experimental question

These methodological approaches will help researchers obtain optimal imaging results when visualizing RIMS2 distribution using FITC-conjugated antibodies.

How can researchers effectively quantify results from experiments using FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies?

Effective quantification of results from FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody experiments requires rigorous methodological approaches tailored to the specific experimental platform:

For microscopy-based quantification:

• Intensity-based measurements:

  • Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) within regions of interest

  • Integrated density (area × mean intensity)

  • Background subtraction using adjacent negative areas

• Distribution analysis:

  • Co-localization coefficients (Pearson's, Mander's) with synaptic markers

  • Distance measurements to reference structures

  • Cluster size and density measurements

• Image analysis software options:

  • ImageJ/FIJI with appropriate plugins

  • CellProfiler for automated analysis

  • Commercial packages with specialized neurobiology modules

For flow cytometry quantification:

• Population analysis:

  • Percent positive cells using appropriate gating strategies

  • Mean or median fluorescence intensity

  • Comparison to calibration standards for absolute quantification

• Controls for normalization:

  • Fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls

  • Isotype controls matching RIMS2 antibody (rabbit IgG for ABIN7167572)

  • Unstained and single-stained compensation controls

Data reporting standards:

For all quantitative analyses, researchers should:

• Establish analysis protocols before data collection

• Apply identical analysis parameters across all experimental conditions

• Use appropriate statistical tests based on data distribution

• Report all normalization methods and control measurements

These methodological guidelines ensure rigorous quantification of RIMS2 expression or localization patterns when using FITC-conjugated antibodies.

How can FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies be used in studies of synaptic function?

FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies offer powerful tools for investigating synaptic function, given RIMS2's role as a "Rab effector involved in exocytosis" that "plays a role in dendrite formation" . These antibodies enable several advanced research applications:

Synaptic architecture studies:

• High-resolution imaging of presynaptic active zones

• Co-localization analysis with other synaptic proteins

• Quantification of RIMS2 clustering at synaptic sites

• Super-resolution microscopy to determine precise RIMS2 localization

Functional correlation studies:

• Combining FITC-RIMS2 immunostaining with calcium imaging

• Correlating RIMS2 localization with electrophysiological recordings

• Live-cell imaging using minimally disruptive fixation techniques

• Activity-dependent changes in RIMS2 distribution

Neurodevelopmental research:

• Tracking RIMS2 expression during synapse formation

• Comparing RIMS2 distribution across different neuronal populations

• Analyzing RIMS2 in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders

• Studying RIMS2's role in dendrite formation beyond synaptic function

The specificity of the RIMS2 antibody ABIN7167572 for amino acids 667-943 provides targeted detection of specific domains that may be involved in protein-protein interactions at the synapse, allowing researchers to investigate functional implications of these interactions.

What considerations are important when using FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies in live-cell imaging?

Live-cell imaging with FITC-conjugated antibodies presents unique challenges that require careful methodological consideration. When using FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies for live imaging:

Cell membrane permeability issues:

• Standard FITC-conjugated antibodies cannot penetrate intact cell membranes

• Consider using cell-penetrating peptide conjugation strategies

• Alternatively, use genetic approaches (RIMS2-GFP fusion proteins) for live imaging

Antibody delivery methods:

• Microinjection for direct cytoplasmic delivery

• Electroporation for temporary membrane permeabilization

• Specialized lipid-based delivery reagents

Phototoxicity mitigation:

• Minimize exposure time and illumination intensity

• Use oxygen scavengers to reduce reactive oxygen species generation

• Implement pulsed illumination strategies with recovery periods

• Consider longer wavelength alternatives to FITC for reduced phototoxicity

Physiological considerations:

• Maintain proper culture conditions (temperature, pH, CO₂)

• Verify cell viability throughout imaging session

• Confirm that antibody binding doesn't interfere with normal protein function

• Use appropriate vehicle controls to account for potential antibody effects

While the search results don't specifically address live-cell applications for the FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody ABIN7167572, these methodological considerations would apply to any attempt to use this reagent in live-cell contexts. In many cases, genetic approaches may be preferable for live visualization of RIMS2.

How can researchers combine FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies with other techniques in multiplex studies?

Multitechnique approaches incorporating FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies can provide comprehensive insights into protein function and interaction networks. Strategic combinations include:

Immunostaining + Functional Assays:

• FITC-RIMS2 immunocytochemistry followed by electrophysiology

• Calcium imaging combined with post-hoc FITC-RIMS2 staining

• Neurotransmitter release assays correlated with RIMS2 localization

FITC-RIMS2 + Proximity Labeling:

• BioID or APEX2 proximity labeling to identify RIMS2 interaction partners

• Combining with FITC-RIMS2 immunostaining to validate spatial relationships

• Correlating interaction networks with functional readouts

Multimodal Imaging Approaches:

• FITC-RIMS2 immunostaining with super-resolution microscopy

• Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) for ultrastructural context

• Expansion microscopy to physically magnify RIMS2 distribution patterns

Multiparameter Flow Cytometry:

• FITC-RIMS2 combined with neuronal subtype markers

• Analysis of RIMS2 expression in response to pharmacological manipulation

• Cell sorting based on RIMS2 expression for downstream analysis

Integration with -Omics Technologies:

The polyclonal nature of the RIMS2 antibody ABIN7167572 may provide advantages in certain multiplex applications by potentially recognizing multiple epitopes within the 667-943 amino acid region, potentially improving detection sensitivity in complex experimental setups.

What are the emerging applications for FITC-conjugated antibodies in neurological disease research?

FITC-conjugated antibodies, including those targeting RIMS2, are finding novel applications in neurological disease research through advanced methodological approaches:

Neurodegenerative Disease Applications:

• Tracking synaptic protein alterations in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease models

• Quantifying synaptic loss through RIMS2 and other presynaptic marker immunostaining

• Investigating the relationship between exocytosis dysfunction and neurodegeneration

Neuroinflammatory Research:

• Examining microglial-synaptic interactions using FITC-RIMS2 with microglial markers

• Assessing synaptic integrity in inflammatory conditions

• Studying synaptic pruning processes in neuroinflammatory contexts

Neurodevelopmental Disorder Studies:

• Characterizing synaptic abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder models

• Investigating RIMS2 expression patterns in intellectual disability conditions

• Correlating synaptic protein distribution with behavioral phenotypes

Therapeutic Development Applications:

• High-content screening assays using FITC-RIMS2 as a readout for synaptic integrity

• Monitoring synaptic restoration after therapeutic intervention

• Developing synaptic protein-targeted drug delivery systems

Novel Technical Approaches:

• Tissue clearing with FITC immunostaining: "FITC-tagged nucleotides are widely being used in cell proliferation assays..." , suggesting compatibility with advanced 3D imaging approaches

• Super-resolution microscopy: The specific binding of FITC-RIMS2 antibodies to defined epitopes makes them suitable for nanoscale localization studies

• Microfluidic systems: Integration of FITC immunostaining with compartmentalized neuronal culture systems

Given RIMS2's role in "regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis" and its involvement in "hormone transport, synaptic vesicle exocytosis" pathways , FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies provide valuable tools for studying synaptic dysfunction across neurological conditions.

How do researchers address potential artifacts and limitations when using FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies?

Addressing artifacts and limitations is crucial for generating reliable data with FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibodies. Methodological strategies to overcome common challenges include:

Autofluorescence Management:

• Implement tissue-specific autofluorescence quenching protocols

• Use spectral unmixing when analyzing samples with significant autofluorescence

• Consider longer wavelength fluorophores for highly autofluorescent tissues

• Include unstained controls to establish baseline autofluorescence levels

Fixation-Related Artifacts:

• Optimize fixation protocols to balance epitope preservation and morphology

• Validate antibody performance across multiple fixation methods

• Test epitope retrieval techniques if fixation reduces antibody binding

• Consider live-labeling approaches for surface epitopes when possible

Antibody Specificity Concerns:

• Implement rigorous validation with genetic controls (knockouts/knockdowns)

• Confirm specificity using multiple antibodies targeting different RIMS2 epitopes

• Perform absorption controls by pre-incubating with recombinant target protein

• Consider using monoclonal alternatives for applications requiring highest specificity

Technical Limitation Mitigation:

Quantification Challenges:

• Implement standardized acquisition settings across all experimental groups

• Use internal reference standards for normalization

• Apply appropriate background subtraction methodologies

• Consider ratiometric approaches when comparing expression levels

For the specific RIMS2 antibody ABIN7167572, researchers should be aware that it is a polyclonal antibody , which may have batch-to-batch variation requiring additional validation steps compared to monoclonal alternatives.

What are the key considerations for selecting the appropriate FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody for specific research applications?

Selecting the optimal FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody requires careful consideration of multiple factors to ensure experimental success. When evaluating options like the ABIN7167572 antibody described in the search results, researchers should consider:

Epitope specificity and accessibility:

• The specific amino acid region recognized (AA 667-943 for ABIN7167572)

• Whether this region is accessible in your experimental system

• How this epitope relates to functional domains of RIMS2

• Potential cross-reactivity with related proteins

Antibody characteristics:

• Clonality (polyclonal versus monoclonal approaches)

• Host species (rabbit for ABIN7167572) and compatibility with other reagents

• Validation data available from manufacturer

• Purification method (Protein G purified for ABIN7167572)

FITC conjugation parameters:

• Conjugation method used

• Fluorescein/protein (F/P) ratio

• Functional validation of conjugated antibody

• Stability of the conjugate over time

Application-specific considerations:

• Required sensitivity for your target expression level

• Compatibility with your experimental system (tissues, cells, species)

• Performance in your specific application (ICC, IHC, flow cytometry)

• Potential for multiplexing with other detection reagents

By systematically evaluating these parameters, researchers can select the FITC-conjugated RIMS2 antibody that best aligns with their specific experimental requirements and research objectives.

How is the field of fluorescent antibody technology evolving, and what future developments might impact RIMS2 research?

The field of fluorescent antibody technology is rapidly evolving, with several emerging trends likely to impact future RIMS2 research:

Advanced fluorophore development:

• Improved photostability through novel FITC derivatives

• Brighter fluorophores with higher quantum yields

• Environment-insensitive fluorophores for more consistent signal

• Near-infrared fluorophores for deeper tissue imaging

Conjugation technology innovations:

• Site-specific conjugation to avoid binding site interference

• Controlled F/P ratios for optimal performance

• Enzyme-free, rapid conjugation methods like the Lightning-Link® technology

• Direct genetic encoding of fluorescent-antibody fusions

Single-molecule detection approaches:

• Super-resolution compatible fluorophores

• Photoactivatable and photoswitchable fluorescent tags

• Quantum dot conjugation for improved brightness and stability

• Single-molecule tracking of RIMS2 dynamics in live systems

Multiparameter analysis advances:

• Spectral cytometry with unmixing algorithms

• Mass cytometry using metal-tagged antibodies

• DNA-barcoded antibodies for highly multiplexed detection

• Spatial transcriptomics integration with protein detection

Artificial intelligence integration:

• Automated image analysis of FITC-RIMS2 distribution patterns

• Machine learning for identifying subtle phenotypes

• Predictive modeling of synaptic function based on protein localization

• Standardized quantification across experimental systems