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Q&A
The following FAQs address key methodological and analytical challenges in working with antibodies targeting proteins like C9/Cas9 (presumed context based on search results), focusing on academic research rigor. Questions are categorized into basic and advanced tiers, with evidence-based solutions derived from published studies.
Advanced Research Questions
How to mitigate pre-existing adaptive immunity against bacterial-derived proteins (e.g., Cas9) in therapeutic applications?
Pre-screening: Use ELISAs or T-cell activation assays to detect anti-Cas9 antibodies/T cells in patient serum (78% of donors had anti-SaCas9 antibodies; 67% had SpCas9-reactive T cells).
Ortholog substitution: Switch to Cas9 variants with lower seroprevalence (e.g., FnCas9) to evade immune detection.
How to resolve structural variability in antigen-antibody interactions?
Challenge
Solution
Example
Conformational changes
Use alkylated/denatured antigens in blotting
Anti-C9 antibodies only recognized iodoacetamide-treated C9
Epitope masking
Combine computational docking (RosettaAntibody) with alanine scanning to identify critical residues
Addressing contradictory data across antibody-dependent assays
Multi-method validation:
Compare immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and IP-MS results.
Use CRISPR-edited knockout controls to confirm on-target effects.
Commercial antibody vetting: Only 18% of tested anti-C9ORF72 antibodies passed specificity criteria, underscoring the need for independent validation.
Methodological Tables
Table 1: Antibody Validation Workflow
Step
Technique
Purpose
Key Outcome
1
Immunoblot
Confirm target binding
Reduce off-target signals (e.g., 86% SaCas9 seropositivity in cord blood)