SNCA (Ab-125) Antibody
Description
Introduction to SNCA (Ab-125) Antibody
The SNCA (Ab-125) Antibody is a specialized immunological reagent designed to target alpha-synuclein proteins, specifically around the tyrosine 125 region. This antibody serves as a valuable tool for researchers investigating alpha-synuclein-related pathologies and normal physiological functions. It targets a specific epitope of the alpha-synuclein protein, allowing for precise detection in various experimental contexts .
Alpha-synuclein plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The protein is encoded by the SNCA gene and has been implicated in various cellular processes, including synaptic vesicle recycling and neurotransmitter release. The ability to specifically detect and quantify this protein using antibodies like SNCA (Ab-125) is fundamental to advancing our understanding of these diseases .
Physical Properties and Formulation
The SNCA (Ab-125) Antibody is supplied in a liquid formulation consisting of rabbit IgG suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without magnesium and calcium ions. The buffer is maintained at pH 7.4 and contains 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide, and 50% glycerol to ensure stability during storage and handling .
Purification Method
The antibody undergoes affinity purification from rabbit antiserum using affinity-chromatography with an epitope-specific immunogen. This purification process ensures high specificity and minimal cross-reactivity with unrelated proteins .
Applications in Research
The SNCA (Ab-125) Antibody has demonstrated utility in several experimental techniques, particularly Western blotting and ELISA. These applications make it a versatile tool for both qualitative and quantitative studies of alpha-synuclein.
Western Blotting
In Western blotting applications, the SNCA (Ab-125) Antibody has been validated for use with rat and mouse brain samples. The recommended dilution range is 1:500 to 1:3000, allowing researchers to optimize detection sensitivity based on their specific experimental conditions and sample characteristics .
ELISA Applications
The antibody has been validated for use in ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) protocols. ELISA techniques provide quantitative data on alpha-synuclein levels in various biological samples. When using ELISA methods with this antibody, researchers have developed validation protocols to ensure accuracy and reproducibility .
ELISA validation studies with anti-SNCA antibodies have demonstrated good recovery rates (92-108%) and acceptable coefficients of variation for both intra-assay and inter-assay precision, indicating reliable performance in quantitative applications .
Alpha-Synuclein in Disease Context
Understanding the broader context of alpha-synuclein's role in disease provides important background for the utility of the SNCA (Ab-125) Antibody in research applications.
Relevance to Parkinson's Disease Research
Alpha-synuclein plays a major role in Parkinson's disease pathology. Circulating anti-SNCA antibodies have been detected in both Parkinson's disease patients and healthy controls, though their significance and epitope specificity have been incompletely characterized until recent research efforts .
Studies have examined the prevalence of anti-SNCA reactivity in various populations, including individuals carrying LRRK2 mutations (both symptomatic and asymptomatic), idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients, and healthy controls. Research has revealed interesting patterns of antibody presence across these groups, with some evidence suggesting genetic or familial clustering of anti-SNCA antibodies, particularly in LRRK2 mutation carriers .
Regulation of Alpha-Synuclein Expression
Research has identified interesting relationships between alpha-synuclein expression and regulatory proteins such as PARP-1 (Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase-1). Inhibition of PARP-1 has been shown to elevate SNCA mRNA levels, suggesting a role in transcriptional regulation of the SNCA gene .
Studies using the PARP-1 inhibitor 3-Aminobenzamide (3-AB) have demonstrated dose-dependent increases in SNCA mRNA levels, with up to 3.7-fold elevation over untreated cells. This relationship appears to involve interaction with specific regulatory elements in the SNCA promoter/enhancer region, particularly the NACP-Rep1 repeat sequence .
Research Findings Related to Anti-SNCA Antibodies
Studies examining anti-SNCA antibodies in human populations have yielded valuable insights relevant to the application of tools like the SNCA (Ab-125) Antibody.
Prevalence in Clinical Populations
Research has identified "clear-cut" presence of antibodies against alpha-synuclein in various populations, including:
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8 out of 49 non-manifesting LRRK2 carriers
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5 out of 55 manifesting LRRK2 carriers
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3 out of 59 idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients
These patterns suggest an interesting distribution of naturally occurring anti-SNCA antibodies, with potentially higher prevalence in asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers compared to healthy controls .
Epitope Recognition Patterns
Individuals positive for wild-type alpha-synuclein antibodies typically also recognize various mutant forms of the protein, including A30P, E46K, and A53T missense point mutants. This broad recognition pattern suggests that naturally occurring antibodies target conserved epitopes within the protein structure .
Product Specs
Target Background
- Research suggests that SNCA plays a role in opiate dependence. PMID: 21309955
- The molecular basis and clinical relevance of statistically reduced alphaSyn pathology in schizophrenic brains compared to aged controls remain unclear and require further investigation. This understanding is crucial for its incidence and relevance in chronic affective disorders. PMID: 19198857
- Elevated levels of insoluble alpha-Syn are observed in the brains of patients with Parkinson's and dementia, exceeding those found in Parkinson brains for both insoluble and insoluble/soluble alpha-Syn, with a significant difference between the two groups. PMID: 20599975
- Findings suggest that the most effective molecular scaffold for inhibiting and destabilizing self-assembly by alphaS requires: (i) aromatic elements for binding to the alphaS monomer/oligomer and (ii) vicinal hydroxyl groups present on a single phenyl ring. PMID: 21443877
- [review] This review summarizes the role of alpha-syn in synaptic vesicle recycling, neurotransmitter synthesis and release, and synaptic plasticity, exploring the potential relationship between the loss of normal alpha-syn functions and disease conditions. PMID: 21167933
- Age-related accumulation of neuromelanin may induce alpha-synuclein overexpression, potentially rendering dopamine neurons more vulnerable to injury. PMID: 21461961
- The function of alpha-synuclein in promoting cell proliferation is associated with its microtubule assembly activity, with the functional domain located in its carboxyl-terminal part. PMID: 21331461
- The association of alpha-synuclein with Rab attachment receptor protein and soluble NSF attachment receptors (SNAREs) highlights the crucial role of membrane transport defects in alpha-synuclein-mediated pathology. PMID: 21439320
- Research strongly indicates that Parkinson's disease, induced by alpha-SYN mutation, is triggered by deregulation of the AKT-signaling cascade. PMID: 21474915
- While genetic mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene can lead to Parkinson's disease, even in these patients, age-dependent physiological changes or environmental exposures seem to play a role in disease presentation. PMID: 21238487
- Current evidence suggests that CSF alpha-synuclein is not suitable as a biomarker to differentiate between PD and AP. PMID: 21236518
- [review] This review examines genetic models of PD and implicates presynaptic function in the function/dysfunction of alpha-synuclein, the first gene identified as contributing to Parkinson's disease. PMID: 20969957
- In the Caucasian patient-control series examined, the risk for Parkinson disease is influenced by variation in SNCA and tau proteins but not glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)beta3. PMID: 21159074
- Overexpression of alpha-Syn transgene alters dopamine efflux and dopamine D2 receptor modulation of corticostriatal glutamate release at a young age in mice. PMID: 21488084
- An artificial microRNA-embedded human SNCA silencing vector is expressed without toxicity in rat PC12 cells where rat SNCA is not silenced. It also exhibits reduced toxicity in human SH-SY5Y cells where hSNCA is silenced. PMID: 21338582
- Patients with multiple system atrophy may have a cerebrospinal fluid environment particularly conducive to alpha-synuclein fibril formation. PMID: 21215793
- Iron up-regulates alpha-synuclein and induces aggregation through the predicted iron responsive element (IRE) in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of human alpha-synuclein mRNA. PMID: 20383623
- Research has shown an association of the two SNPs in 4q22/SNCA with the age of onset of Parkinson's disease. PMID: 21044948
- Findings suggest that alpha-synuclein pathology is associated with Tar DNA-binding protein-43 accumulation in Lewy body disease. PMID: 20669025
- Attenuation of nigral SNCA pathology and dopaminergic neurodegeneration by inhibiting NADPH oxidase and iNOS supports a causal relationship between inflammation-mediated SNCA pathologic alterations and chronic dopaminergic neurodegeneration. PMID: 21245015
- Research describes spontaneous accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in striata of a mouse model of Parkinsonism, which overexpresses human a-Synuclein under the PDGF promoter. PMID: 21453448
- Direct replication of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within SNCA and BST1 confirmed these two genes to be associated with Parkinson's Disease in the Netherlands. PMID: 21248740
- Transgenic alpha-synuclein localizes to the mitochondrial membranes under conditions of proteasomal inhibitory stress. This localization coincides with selective age-related mitochondrial complex I inhibition. PMID: 20887775
- Synphilin-1 inhibits alpha-synuclein degradation by the proteasome. PMID: 21103907
- Based on crystal structures of fusions between maltose-binding protein and four segments of alpha-synuclein, the study traces a virtual model of the first 72 residues of alpha -synuclein. PMID: 21462277
- In transgenic mice, the norepinephrine systems may be more vulnerable than dopamine systems to toxic effects of aberrant alpha-synuclein. This aligns with the significant damage to the noradrenaline system observed in patients with Parkinson's disease. PMID: 19152986
- In patients diagnosed with dementia with Lewy bodies, lower cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein levels may be associated with lower cognitive performance, compared to patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 20847452
- Research identifies a novel function for BAG5 as a modulator of CHIP E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, with implications for CHIP-mediated regulation of alpha-syn oligomerization. PMID: 21358815
- Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SNCA (rs356219; P = 5.5 x 10(-4)) are significantly associated with Parkinson's disease. PMID: 21425343
- Evidence suggests that alpha-synuclein exerts a primary and direct effect on the morphology of an organelle long implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. PMID: 21489994
- Research provides evidence that alpha-synuclein is a cellular ferrireductase, responsible for reducing iron (III) to bioavailable iron (II). PMID: 21249223
- A study found a significant association between the NACP-Rep1 length polymorphism and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score. However, no further association was observed between the In4 polymorphism or between the mRNA expression of SNCA and the BDI score. PMID: 21271299
- This research provides mechanistic insights into the role of alpha-synuclein in modulating neurodegenerative phenotypes by regulating Akt-mediated cell survival signaling in vivo. PMID: 21304957
- Data suggests that overexpression of alpha-syn may cause mitochondrial defects in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra through an association with adenylate translocator and activation of mitochondria-dependent cell death pathways. PMID: 21310263
- Research demonstrates an elevated state of tauopathy in striata of the A53T alpha-Syn mutant mice, suggesting that tauopathy is a common feature of synucleinopathies. PMID: 21445308
- REVIEW: This review explores the role of alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. PMID: 21342025
- Data suggests that membrane lipid modification in oligodendroglial cells containing SUMO-1 promotes the formation of alpha-synuclein inclusion bodies resembling protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disease. PMID: 20725866
- Research indicates that low SMN levels are associated with significantly lower alpha-synuclein expression, suggesting that alpha-synuclein may be a genetic modifier or biomarker of spinal muscular atrophy. PMID: 20640532
- SNCA locus duplication carriers: from genetics to Parkinson disease phenotypes. PMID: 21412942
- Ubiquitin ligase parkin promotes Mdm2-arrestin interaction but inhibits arrestin ubiquitination. PMID: 21466165
- This study analyzes the mechanism of membrane permeabilization by oligomeric alpha-synuclein. PMID: 21179192
- The research explores the relationship between membrane physical properties and AS binding affinity and dynamics, which presumably define protein localization in vivo and, consequently, the role of AS in the physiopathology of Parkinson disease. PMID: 21330368
- MMP3 digestion of alpha-synuclein in DA neurons plays a pivotal role in the progression of Parkinson disease through modulation of alpha-synuclein in aggregation, Lewy body formation, and neurotoxicity. PMID: 21330369
- This research characterizes the coordination features and affinity of the Cu(2+) site in the alpha-synuclein protein of Parkinson's disease. PMID: 21319811
- This study confirms the association between PD and both SNCA SNPs and the H1 MAPT haplotype. PMID: 21391235
- This study exhaustively characterizes Cu(ii) coordination to peptide fragments encompassing residues 45-55 of synuclein alpha, including systems containing the inherited mutations E46K and A53T, as model peptides of the His-50 site. PMID: 21212878
- Results support the hypothesis that WT and A53T alpha-synuclein play a significant role in initiating and maintaining inflammation in Parkinson's disease. PMID: 21255620
- The combined data indicate that the A30P mutation does not cause changes in the number, location, and overall arrangement of beta-strands in amyloid fibrils of alpha-synuclein. PMID: 21280130
- Data suggests that mutations in alpha-synuclein may impair specific functional domains while leaving others intact. PMID: 21272100
- Single locus analysis revealed that G/G SNCA and H1/H1 MAPT risk genotypes were over-represented in patients with Parkinson disease compared to controls. PMID: 21054681
