The conjugation of FITC to antibodies involves covalent binding to lysine residues, typically achieving 3–6 FITC molecules per antibody to balance brightness and solubility . Key considerations:
Optimization: Titration experiments are critical to avoid over-conjugation, which can reduce binding affinity .
Stability: FITC-conjugated antibodies are light-sensitive; prolonged exposure leads to fluorescence loss .
Dilution: 1:500–1:3000 (optimized for signal-to-noise ratio) .
Example: Detection of SNF8 in HeLa cell lysates (30 μg/lane) at 1:1000 dilution .
Dilution: 1:50–1:500; antigen retrieval with TE buffer (pH 9.0) or citrate buffer (pH 6.0) .
Example: Staining human colon carcinoma tissue (1:250 dilution) .
Dilution: 1:50–1:500 for IF/ICC; used in whole-mount zebrafish embryo studies (1:200) .
Note: FITC excitation at 488 nm (argon laser) enables compatibility with fluorescence microscopy .
Cross-reactivity: FITC-conjugated antibodies may exhibit species-specific binding (e.g., C3c complement in multiple mammals) .
Storage: Sodium azide preservative must be removed before conjugation to prevent reaction interference .
Quality Control: FITC-conjugated antibodies require rigorous testing for specificity and fluorescence stability .