STX16 Antibody
Description
Introduction to STX16 Antibody
The STX16 antibody is a specific immunoglobulin designed to target the syntaxin-16 (STX16) protein, a key component involved in intracellular membrane trafficking, particularly in the Golgi apparatus . Syntaxin-16 plays a critical role in regulating vesicle fusion and membrane organization, making it a focal point for studies in cellular biology and disease mechanisms .
Structure and Function
STX16 antibodies are typically polyclonal or monoclonal immunoglobulins engineered to bind specifically to the syntaxin-16 protein. Their structure includes:
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Heavy and light chains: These form the antigen-binding sites (Fabs) that recognize epitopes on STX16.
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Epitope specificity: The antibodies target regions unique to syntaxin-16 to avoid cross-reactivity with homologous proteins (e.g., syntaxin family members) .
| STX16 Antibody Type | Vendor | Application | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rabbit polyclonal | Synaptic Systems | Western blot | PLoS ONE (2016) |
| Rabbit polyclonal | Synaptic Systems | Western blot | Nature (2015) |
Research Applications
STX16 antibodies are primarily used in:
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Western blotting: To detect syntaxin-16 expression levels in human tissues (e.g., breast cancer cells) .
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Immunoprecipitation: To isolate STX16 and study its interactions with other trafficking proteins .
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Disease modeling: Investigating STX16’s role in pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib (PHP-Ib), where deletions in the STX16 locus disrupt parathyroid hormone signaling .
Key Research Findings
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Breast Cancer Studies:
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PHP-Ib Pathogenesis:
References
Product Specs
Target Background
Gene References
- A case report describing a patient with PHP1b caused by a recurrent STX16 deletion, presenting with macrosomia, early onset obesity, and macrocephaly without other AHO symptoms. This case underscores STX16 deletions and PHP1b as a rare cause for early onset obesity and macrosomia. PMID: 27338644
- STX16 microdeletion was identified in male monozygotic twins (with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B leading to growth hormone deficiency) and their mother/grandmother (but not their father/grandfather or sister [who was part of a triplet with a separate placenta]). This is a case study demonstrating the potential for this microdeletion to be inherited. PMID: 25843330
- Syntaxin 16 is a key regulator of cytokinesis, a crucial step in cell division. PMID: 24109596
- A case report describing a patient with familial pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib and his asymptomatic brother who both exhibited a methylation defect at GNAS (guanine nucleotide-binding protein G) and a microdeletion involving exons 4-6 of the neighboring gene STX16. PMID: 23095209
- De novo 3-kb STX16 deletions, reported only once previously, are infrequent but should be considered in all cases of Pseudohypoparathyroidism-Ib, even when the family history is negative for an inherited form of this disorder. PMID: 23087324
- Research suggests that STX16 mediates the recycling of CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) and plays a significant role in CFTR trafficking machinery in intestinal epithelial cells. PMID: 20826815
- Studies indicate that the region of overlap between two microdeletions likely harbors a cis-acting imprinting control element essential for establishing and maintaining methylation at GNAS exon A/B, enabling normal G alpha(s) expression in the proximal renal tubules. PMID: 15800843
- Syntaxin 16's function is specifically required for, and restricted to, the retrograde pathway. PMID: 17389686
- Syntaxin 16 may play a role in neurite outgrowth and potentially other specific dendritic anterograde/retrograde traffic. PMID: 17852734
- Phosphorylation of RASSF1A by Aurora B is necessary for the recruitment of Syntaxin16. PMID: 19887622
Q&A
Basic Questions
What is STX16 and why is it studied with antibodies in research?
STX16 (Syntaxin-16) is a 37 kDa t-SNARE protein critical for vesicle transport between the Golgi apparatus and endosomal compartments . Antibodies targeting STX16 are used to study its localization, expression, and functional interactions in processes like retrograde transport and Golgi membrane dynamics. In clinical contexts, STX16 microdeletions are linked to pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib (PHP-Ib), where epigenetic dysregulation at the GNAS locus disrupts parathyroid hormone signaling .
How to select STX16 antibodies for academic research?
Choose antibodies based on:
What dilution ranges are optimal for STX16 antibodies?
| Application | Dilution Range | Verified Samples |
|---|---|---|
| WB | 1:500–1:2000 | MCF-7, HepG2, Hela |
| IHC | 1:25–1:100 | Esophagus, breast, ovarian cancer |
| ELISA | 1:500–1:3000 | Not explicitly verified |
Advanced Research Questions
How to validate STX16 antibody specificity in experimental systems?
Validate through:
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Positive Controls: Use cell lines with known STX16 expression (e.g., MCF-7, HepG2) .
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Band Specificity: Confirm expected 37 kDa band in WB; rule out non-specific bands via pre-clearing .
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Blocking Peptides: Use immunogen-derived peptides to neutralize antibody binding .
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Cross-Reactivity Testing: Screen against homologous syntaxin isoforms (e.g., STX1a, STX1e) if studying Shiga toxin interactions .
What experimental designs address contradictions in STX16’s role in PHP-Ib?
PHP-Ib pathogenesis involves:
How to troubleshoot STX16 antibody performance in IHC?
Specialized Methodological Considerations
Can STX16 antibodies detect isoforms or post-translational modifications?
Current antibodies target full-length STX16 or specific regions (e.g., 209–259 aa) . No commercial antibodies explicitly detect isoforms or modifications (e.g., phosphorylation). For isoform-specific detection, consider custom peptide antibodies or CRISPR-edited models .
How to integrate STX16 antibodies into multi-omics studies?
| Application | Protocol Integration | Challenges |
|---|---|---|
| Proteomics | Use WB alongside mass spectrometry for confirmation | Cross-reactivity with syntaxin family members |
| Epigenetics | Combine with bisulfite sequencing for GNAS methylation analysis | Correlate STX16 expression with methylation defects |
| Cell Trafficking | Co-stain with Rab GTPases (e.g., Rab6, Rab7) | Synchronization of transient transfections |
Emerging Research Frontiers
What role does STX16 play in non-canonical pathways (e.g., cancer)?
STX16 is implicated in:
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Golgi stress responses: Regulates retrograde trafficking during ER stress .
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Cancer progression: Altered expression observed in breast/esophageal cancers . Validate with:
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TCGA dataset analysis for STX16 expression in tumors.
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siRNA knockdown in cancer cell lines to assess therapeutic potential.
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Are STX16 antibodies suitable for studying Shiga toxin interactions?
STX16 is unrelated to Shiga toxins (Stx1d/Stx1e), which are neutralized by distinct monoclonal antibodies . Avoid cross-reactivity by:
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Using host-specific secondary antibodies (e.g., anti-rabbit, not anti-mouse).
Data-Driven Recommendations
Which STX16 antibodies have peer-reviewed validation?
How to design STX16 studies for PHP-Ib research?
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Patient Cohort: Enroll individuals with GNAS exon A/B hypomethylation and maternal STX16 microdeletions .
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Controls: Use unaffected family members to assess allele-specific methylation.
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Molecular Analysis: Combine MLPA for STX16 copy number, bisulfite sequencing for GNAS methylation, and RT-PCR for Gαs protein expression .
