TS2 Antibody

Here’s a structured collection of FAQs tailored for academic researchers working with the TS2/16 monoclonal antibody (anti-CD29/integrin β1), organized by research complexity and supported by experimental methodologies and data:

Advanced Research Questions

How to resolve contradictions in TS2/16-mediated integrin activation data?

• Context-dependent effects: TS2/16 may enhance ligand binding in some cell types (e.g., T cells) but not others due to α-subunit pairing variability .

• Experimental controls: Include:

  • Isotype-matched antibodies to rule out nonspecific activation.

  • Knockdown/rescue models to confirm β1-dependent phenotypes .

What epitope regions does TS2/16 target, and how does this impact functional studies?

• Epitope location: TS2/16 binds the extracellular β1 integrin stalk, inducing conformational activation .

• Mechanistic insight: Epitope shielding by α-subunits (e.g., α4, α5) can alter accessibility, requiring co-transfection studies to validate interactions .

Key epitope characteristics:

Can TS2/16 cross-react with non-human β1 integrins?

• Limited cross-reactivity: TS2/16 is human-specific. For murine studies:

  • Use alternative clones (e.g., HMβ1-1 for mouse β1).

  • Validate via Western blot or CRISPR-edited humanized models .

Methodological Best Practices

• Multiplexed assays: Combine TS2/16 with anti-α integrin antibodies (e.g., α4, α5) to study heterodimer-specific functions .

• Quantitative imaging: For macrotumor models, use fluorescence microscopy (e.g., Nikon Ts2) to assess antibody penetration in 3D cultures .