TLR5 Antibody
Product Specs
Target Background
- Genetic studies have identified SNPs associated with genetically determined high activity of TLR5 among patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and genetically determined high IL-12 and IL-18 levels among patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). PMID: 28139755
- Research suggests that Hsp90 inhibitors suppress TLR5 surface expression and NF-kappa-B activation in THP-1 cells in response to TLR5 ligands. These inhibitory effects may be associated with the mechanisms by which Hsp90 inhibitors suppress myeloid leukemia. PMID: 29651431
- Studies demonstrate that TLR5 adaptor molecules are essential for the proper production of cytokines, chemokines, and pro-labor mediators after TLR ligation. PMID: 28844021
- Newly discovered long TLR5 transcripts may be involved in the negative regulation of TLR5 expression and function. PMID: 28948171
- Analysis revealed that TLR5 polymorphisms rs5744168, rs2072493, and rs5744174 are less frequent in Indian Tamils. This suggests that the TLR5 gene remains conserved, potentially due to genetic selection pressure to withstand endemic infectious diseases. These polymorphisms were not found to significantly contribute to the risk of developing chronic Helicobacter pylori infections or associated clinical phenotypes. PMID: 28742407
- Significant interactions were identified between TLR5 rs1640827, rs17163737, and Helicobacter pylori infection. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of TLR5 and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric carcinogenesis and may have implications for personalized prevention of gastric cancer. PMID: 28404962
- TLR 5, 7, and 9 expression patterns differed between HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients. In HPV-positive tumors, the expression of TLR 5 and 7 correlated with tumor recurrence. PMID: 28856441
- Evidence suggests that HMGB1-modulated TLR5 signaling is responsible for pain hypersensitivity. PMID: 27760316
- Data indicates that TLR-5 and TLR-9 are susceptible genes to lupus nephritis (LN) and that their expression is dysregulated in LN patients' kidneys. This supports a role for these mediators in the pathogenesis of LN. PMID: 28763101
- Research indicates that in the Chinese population, genetic variation of TLR5 may not be a determinant of susceptibility to hepatitis B virus-related diseases but may play a role in the development of hepatitis B virus-related severe liver diseases. PMID: 28543911
- Studies have highlighted the distinctive recognition of flagellin by human and mouse Toll-Like Receptor 5. PMID: 27391968
- Independent confirmation of the association of TLR5 c.1174C>T with protection against death in melioidosis was provided. This study identified lower bacteremia, IL-10, and TNF-alpha production in carriers of the variant with melioidosis. PMID: 28475641
- A study demonstrated that toll-like receptor 5 expression and functional activity, as measured by interleukin 6, are modulated by hormones. PMID: 27651177
- Findings suggest that TLR5 is functionally expressed in the salivary glands and responds to its cognate ligand flagellin. PMID: 27665969
- TLR5 is involved in the pathogenesis and dissemination of esophageal adenocarcinoma through as-yet-uncharacterized mechanisms. PMID: 27392931
- Ligands for TLR1/2 or TLR5 may provide critical stimuli that sustain the growth and malignant phenotype of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells. PMID: 27123851
- The distribution of the TLR 5 genotypes did not differ significantly between bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients and controls. PMID: 27457283
- Both TLR 5 and 7 are expressed in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma on the cell membranes as well as in the cytoplasm. PMID: 26888781
- Research demonstrated that TLR5 rs5744174 polymorphism may have no impact on stroke risk, gene expression, and inflammatory cytokines but may influence the HDL-C serum level of ischemic stroke patients in the Chinese Han population. PMID: 27262705
- A study reported that TLR5 mRNA was not altered in peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis. PMID: 26996117
- In response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or flagellin, EGFR associates with and tyrosine phosphorylates MUC1-CT in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells, leading to increased MUC1-CT association with TLR5. PMID: 26645913
- Research elucidated the relationship between TLR5 and caveolin-1 at the transcriptional and translational levels using human cells. Results suggest that caveolin-1 is a crucial regulator for maintaining and controlling TLR5 expression. PMID: 26615831
- A study demonstrated that MyD88 Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain interacted with TLR5TIR but not with TLR6TIR. The solubility of both TLR5TIR and TLR6TIR were influenced by its binding partner MyD88TIR. Furthermore, TLR5TIR exhibited increased solubility. PMID: 26548862
- TLR-5 was more abundant in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) than in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) samples. PMID: 25047824
- Genetic polymorphism was not associated with duodenal ulcer. PMID: 25995217
- p53-dependent amplification of transcriptional response to TLR5 activation required expression of NFkappaB subunit p65 and was mediated by several molecular mechanisms. PMID: 26220208
- TLR5 variants R392X and N592S showed significant association with UC patients, while TLR 1, 2, 3, and 6 variants did not show any association. PMID: 25789623
- Studies indicate that toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) specifically interacts with flagellin and is useful as an analytical recognition element for low concentrations of flagellin. PMID: 24881544
- This review examines recent research on the interactions between TLR5, adaptive immunity, and the microbiota, discussing how variation in the TLR5 gene may alter these interactions to impact host inflammatory phenotypes in humans. PMID: 25284610
- Establishing bacterial flagellin-recognizing toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) as a novel link between gut microbiota composition, adipose tissue inflammation, and obesity. PMID: 25611816
- Flagellin activated TLR5 protein in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and initiated downstream signaling pathways. PMID: 25603867
- TLR5 mediates cytokine production in response to the Toxoplasma gondii-derived profilin. PMID: 24861338
- Association of TLR5 Gene Polymorphisms in Ulcerative Colitis Patients of North India and Their Role in Cytokine Homeostasis. PMID: 25789623
- A study demonstrates that TLR5 recognition of commensal microbiota regulates systemic tumor-promoting inflammation and, subsequently, extramucosal malignant progression. PMID: 25533336
- A family was heterozygous for risk variants of the genes encoding NOD2 and TLR5 and homozygous carriers of PTPN2 risk alleles in Crohn disease. PMID: 24901824
- Genetic polymorphisms in TLR5 might be associated with decreased susceptibility of Graves' disease in Chinese Cantonese females. PMID: 24830583
- Results reveal broad expression patterns of TLR5 and TLR7 in the lung, and expression is decreased in severe asthma. PMID: 24447081
- TLR5 activation by flagellin may elicit chemoresistance in Multiple myeloma patients who have suffered from recurrent bacterial infections. PMID: 24709011
- The Sle1 transgene perturbs the action of peripheral tolerance checkpoints operative on antinuclear antigen B cells in both the antibody-forming cell and germinal center pathways in a cell-autonomous fashion. PMID: 19828626
- The TLR5(rs5744105) variant was associated with altered immune responses in very low birth weight infants (elevated WBC counts) during bacterial infections. PMID: 23867959
- Frequent SNPs in the flagellin receptor TLR5 and the TLR downstream effector molecules MyD88 and TIRAP are associated with altered survival in a large cohort of Caucasian patients with colorectal cancer. PMID: 24154872
- Low expression of TLR5 was associated with non-small cell lung cancer. PMID: 24549739
- Authors suggest that TLR5 is involved in host defense against Aspergillus fumigatus, and the recipient TLR5-Stop SNP represents a risk factor for the development of invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. PMID: 23862689
- This study suggests a role for abnormal expression of TLR5 in the pathogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma and highlights the importance of an altered microbiome in the pathogenesis of complications of Barrett's esophagus. PMID: 24221343
- Exposure of human T cells to flagellin leads to a transient TLR5-induced increase in the sensitivity of these cells to subsequent TCR activation. PMID: 24128895
- TLR5 signaling enhances the proliferation of human allogeneic CD40-activated B cell induced CD4hiCD25+ regulatory T cells. PMID: 23844139
- These results indicate that polyethylenimine is a novel TLR5 agonist with potential applications in offering protection for patients receiving radiotherapy or in radiation-related accidents. PMID: 23104900
- A non-synonymous coding variant (L616F) in the TLR5 gene is potentially associated with Crohn's disease and influences responses to bacterial flagellin. PMID: 23593463
- Data indicate the biological activity of a TLR5:flagellin complex with a 2:2 stoichiometry. PMID: 23624387
Q&A
What is the role of TLR5 in immune responses, and how does it interact with bacterial flagellin?
TLR5 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located on the cell surface that plays a critical role in innate immunity by recognizing bacterial flagellin, a major component of bacterial motility structures known as flagella . Upon binding to flagellin, TLR5 recruits intracellular adapter proteins such as MyD88, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways like NF-κB and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 . This interaction mobilizes immune cells to sites of infection, providing a robust defense against bacterial pathogens .
In addition to its role in innate immunity, TLR5 has been implicated in adaptive immune responses. For instance, it can act as a co-stimulatory receptor on CD4+ T cells, enhancing their activation during antigen presentation . Furthermore, studies have shown that TLR5-mediated signaling influences the composition of gut microbiota and contributes to vaccine-induced antibody responses .
How does TLR5 deficiency affect immune response mechanisms?
Research has demonstrated that TLR5 deficiency significantly impacts both innate and adaptive immune responses. For example, studies on Tlr5-deficient mice have shown reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 upon exposure to ultrapure lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . This reduction suggests that TLR5 contributes to optimal activation of macrophages during bacterial infections.
In adaptive immunity, Tlr5-deficient mice exhibit impaired antibody responses to vaccines such as the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) and flagellin-based immunogens . The deficiency also affects antigen presentation processes; dendritic cells from Tlr5-deficient mice fail to efficiently present flagellin-derived peptides on MHC class II molecules, thereby limiting CD4+ T cell activation .
Table 1 below summarizes key findings related to TLR5 deficiency:
What experimental techniques are used to study TLR5 antibodies?
Several experimental techniques are employed to study TLR5 antibodies, including:
Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and Immunofluorescence (IF)
These methods are used to visualize the localization of TLR5 within cells. For example, ICC studies have shown that TLR5 is expressed on the basolateral surface of intestinal epithelial cells .
Western Blotting (WB)
Western blotting is commonly used for detecting TLR5 protein levels in various tissues or cell lysates. Specific antibodies validated for WB applications provide reliable results when optimized for concentration and incubation conditions .
Flow Cytometry
Flow cytometry allows quantitative analysis of TLR5 expression on immune cells such as monocytes or macrophages. It has been used to detect surface-bound TLR5 and assess its interactions with ligands like flagellin .
Co-Immunoprecipitation
This technique helps identify protein-protein interactions involving TLR5. Studies have shown that TLR5 can form complexes with other Toll-like receptors (e.g., TLR4) during immune signaling events .
Table 2 outlines recommended assay conditions for studying TLR5:
How does microbiota influence TLR5-mediated immune responses?
The gut microbiota plays an essential role in modulating immune responses mediated by TLR5. Studies have shown that commensal bacteria expressing flagellin activate the TLR5 pathway, promoting plasma cell differentiation and enhancing antibody production following vaccination . Germ-free or antibiotic-treated mice exhibit impaired vaccine-induced antibody responses due to the absence of microbiota-derived signals .
Interestingly, reconstitution with flagellated strains of E. coli restores these responses, whereas aflagellated strains fail to do so . This highlights the specificity of the interaction between microbiota-derived flagellin and TLR5.
Figure 1 below illustrates the impact of microbiota on vaccine-induced antibody responses:
