TNP2 Antibody, Biotin conjugated

Definition and Biological Role

TNP2 Antibody, Biotin Conjugated is a polyclonal antibody raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues in human TNP2, chemically linked to biotin. This conjugation enables high-affinity detection via streptavidin-enzyme complexes (e.g., HRP, AP) in assays like Western blot (WB) and ELISA .

Biological Function of TNP2:

• Facilitates histone-to-protamine exchange in elongating spermatids .

• Localizes to the nucleus and is expressed exclusively in spermatids .

Applications in Research

• Western Blot: Detects endogenous TNP2 at ~16 kDa in human and rat testis lysates .

• ELISA: Quantifies TNP2 levels in biological samples with biotin-streptavidin-HRP systems .

• Immunofluorescence: Localizes TNP2 in spermatid nuclei .

Example Protocol:

1. Primary Antibody: Incubate with TNP2-biotin antibody (1:500–1:1000 dilution).

2. Streptavidin Conjugate: Add streptavidin-HRP (1:2000) for signal amplification .

3. Detection: Use chemiluminescent substrates for WB or colorimetric substrates for ELISA .

Supplier Comparison

Research Validation

• Specificity: Recognizes TNP2 in human and rat tissues without cross-reactivity to other nuclear proteins .

• Sensitivity: Detects as low as 0.5 ng/mL in ELISA .

• Validation Studies:

  • WB Validation: Clear bands at ~16 kDa in testis lysates .

  • IF Validation: Nuclear staining in spermatids .

Considerations and Limitations

• Biotin Interference: Endogenous biotin in samples (e.g., egg yolk, serum) may cause false positives .

• Storage Stability: Degrades after 3–5 freeze-thaw cycles; aliquot recommended .

• Species Reactivity: Does not cross-react with mouse or bovine TNP2 .

Emerging Applications

• Cancer Research: Biotin-streptavidin systems enhance tumor-targeting efficacy in xenograft models .

• High-Affinity Systems: Streptavidin multimers improve signal-to-noise ratios in low-abundance antigen detection .

Future Directions

• Multiplex Assays: Pairing with fluorophore-conjugated streptavidin for dual IF/IHC .

• Therapeutic Development: Exploring TNP2’s role in male infertility and contraceptive strategies .