TPA (36-310) Human

What is TPA (36-310) Human and what are its fundamental biological functions?

TPA (36-310) Human recombinant protein represents a specific fragment of human Tissue Plasminogen Activator, containing amino acids 36-310 of the full-length protein. This serine protease (EC 3.4.21.68) plays crucial physiological roles including:

• Converting plasminogen to plasmin, a fibrinolytic enzyme that degrades fibrin clots

• Participating in cell migration processes

• Contributing to tissue remodeling mechanisms

The biological significance of TPA extends beyond simple fibrinolysis. The precise regulation of TPA activity is essential for homeostasis, as increased enzymatic activity leads to hyperfibrinolysis (manifesting as excessive bleeding), while decreased activity results in hypofibrinolysis, potentially causing thrombosis or embolism .

How is TPA (36-310) Human recombinant protein produced for research applications?

The production of high-quality TPA (36-310) Human for research requires sophisticated expression systems and purification methods:

This expression system is specifically selected because it facilitates proper protein folding and post-translational modifications, particularly glycosylation patterns that are important for maintaining TPA's native structure and function .

What are the optimal storage conditions for preserving TPA (36-310) Human stability?

Maintaining optimal stability of TPA (36-310) Human requires careful attention to storage conditions:

The protein is typically provided in a stabilizing formulation containing 50mM MES (pH 5.5), 10% glycerol, 100mM NaCl, and 5mM CaCl2, which helps preserve its native conformation. Multiple freeze-thaw cycles should be strictly avoided as they can significantly compromise protein structure and activity .

How is TPA being utilized in stroke treatment research methodologies?

TPA plays a central role in stroke treatment research, particularly in studies examining thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. Methodological approaches include:

Particularly noteworthy is research examining telehealth-guided provider-to-provider communication (TeleED) to improve TPA administration in rural settings. These studies address healthcare disparities in stroke treatment access and have examined outcomes including mortality, functional recovery (modified Rankin Scale), and appropriate triaging to specialized stroke centers .

What experimental approaches can detect changes in TPA enzymatic activity?

Though the search results don't provide explicit methodologies for measuring TPA activity, researchers typically employ several approaches to assess enzymatic function:

• Chromogenic substrate assays measuring the conversion of specific peptide substrates

• Fluorogenic substrate assays with increased sensitivity for detecting proteolytic activity

• Fibrin plate assays to visualize and quantify fibrinolytic activity

• Plasminogen activation kinetics measured through time-course experiments

• Zymography techniques for visualizing enzyme activity in gel matrices

When designing experiments to measure TPA activity, researchers must consider factors such as pH optimization, calcium dependence, potential inhibitors present in the experimental system, and appropriate positive and negative controls.

How do researchers analyze the relationships between TPA structure and function?

Advanced structure-function analysis of TPA (36-310) Human typically involves:

• Domain-specific mutagenesis to identify critical residues

• Comparative analysis with other serine proteases

• Biochemical characterization of substrate binding and catalysis

• Structural biology approaches (X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM)

• Computational modeling of protein-substrate interactions

These approaches help elucidate how specific regions within the 36-310 fragment contribute to substrate recognition, catalytic efficiency, and regulation of enzymatic activity.

What formulation parameters are critical for TPA (36-310) Human stability in experimental systems?

For research applications requiring optimal TPA (36-310) Human stability and activity, formulation parameters are critical:

When designing experiments, researchers should be aware that alterations to this formulation might significantly impact protein stability and function. Consideration should be given to potential buffer interactions with experimental systems, and compatibility testing may be necessary when introducing TPA into complex experimental media or in vivo models .

How can researchers optimize experimental design when studying TPA in complex biological systems?

When investigating TPA (36-310) Human in complex biological systems, researchers should consider:

• Physiological relevance: Design experiments that recapitulate relevant aspects of the in vivo environment

• Concentration optimization: Determine appropriate TPA concentrations that balance between detectable activity and physiological relevance

• Timing considerations: Account for the rapid kinetics of TPA-mediated plasminogen activation

• Inhibitor controls: Include experiments with specific TPA inhibitors to confirm observed effects are TPA-dependent

• Comparative analysis: Consider parallel experiments with full-length TPA to identify fragment-specific effects

These methodological approaches help ensure robust, reproducible findings when studying this enzymatically active fragment.

What nomenclature systems are used for TPA in scientific literature?

When conducting research on TPA, awareness of various nomenclature systems is essential for comprehensive literature searches:

This diverse nomenclature reflects TPA's significance across multiple research disciplines. When conducting literature searches, incorporation of these various terms ensures comprehensive coverage of relevant publications .

How might advances in TPA research influence stroke treatment protocols?

Current research examining TPA in stroke treatment focuses on several frontier areas:

• Optimizing delivery systems: Telehealth approaches (TeleED) are being evaluated to improve timely TPA administration in rural and underserved areas

• Refining treatment windows: Research continues to investigate optimal timing for TPA administration relative to symptom onset

• Personalized medicine approaches: Studies examining patient-specific factors that influence TPA efficacy and safety

• Combination therapies: Investigating TPA in conjunction with other treatments to enhance efficacy or reduce side effects

• Risk stratification: Developing better predictive models for identifying patients most likely to benefit from TPA

These research directions aim to maximize the benefits of TPA while minimizing risks, particularly the risk of intracranial hemorrhage which remains a significant concern.

What emerging analytical techniques are being applied to TPA research?

While not specific to TPA (36-310) Human, it's worth noting that T-Pattern Analysis (TPA) represents an emerging mixed-methods analytical approach applicable to biological research. This methodology:

• Alternates between qualitative and quantitative analyses

• Collects and analyzes time-stamped data (T-data)

• Detects temporal patterns using specialized algorithms

• Utilizes dedicated software (THEME™) for visualization and analysis

This analytical approach, while sharing the TPA abbreviation with Tissue Plasminogen Activator, represents a distinct methodological framework that could potentially be applied to study temporal patterns in biological systems involving plasminogen activation .

What interdisciplinary approaches are most promising for advancing TPA research?

The most promising advances in TPA research will likely emerge from interdisciplinary collaborations that combine:

• Structural biology and biochemistry: Elucidating structure-function relationships at the molecular level

• Cell biology: Understanding TPA's roles in cell migration and tissue remodeling

• Translational medicine: Bridging basic research findings to clinical applications

• Health services research: Optimizing delivery systems for TPA-based therapies

• Bioinformatics: Analyzing large datasets to identify patient-specific factors affecting TPA efficacy