GCV
Description
Chemical and Pharmacological Profile
Molecular formula: C₉H₁₃N₅O₄
Molecular weight: 255.23 g/mol
Mechanism of action:
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Requires phosphorylation by viral UL97 kinase in CMV-infected cells
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Triphosphate form incorporates into viral DNA, causing chain termination
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Selective toxicity: 10-100× higher affinity for viral vs human DNA polymerases
Approved Uses:
Off-label Applications:
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity:
Antiviral Combinations:
| Combination Partner | Effect | EC₅₀ Reduction |
|---|---|---|
| Foscarnet | Synergistic | 38% |
| Artemisinin | Strong synergy | 72% |
| Sunitinib | Antagonistic | N/A |
| Data from in vitro models |
Resistance Profiles:
| UL97 Mutation | GCV EC₅₀ (μM) | Fold Change |
|---|---|---|
| Wild-type | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1× |
| A594V | 9.2 ± 1.5 | 5.7× |
| A594S | 6.8 ± 2.0 | 4.2× |
| Clinical isolates analysis |
Pharmacokinetics and Monitoring
Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
Anticancer combinations:
Novel delivery systems:
Product Specs
Q&A
Academic research on Gross Calorific Value (GCV) addresses critical energy measurement challenges through rigorous methodologies. Below are structured FAQs reflecting scientific depth, prioritized by research complexity, with methodological guidance and empirical data from peer-reviewed studies.
Advanced Research: Predictive Modeling
Q: How do regression models for GCV prediction address coal quality variability across geological formations? Methodological Answer:
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Data Preprocessing
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Cluster samples by mining region and stratigraphic layer
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Apply Box-Cox transformations for non-normal distributions
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Model Development
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Policy Integration
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Conduct error dispersion analysis (σ ≤ 150 kcal/kg for regulatory acceptance)
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Implement Monte Carlo simulations for grade misclassification risks
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Data Contradiction Analysis
Q: How to resolve discrepancies between laboratory GCV measurements and field observations in power plants? Methodological Approach:
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Root Cause Analysis Framework:
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Sample Integrity: Verify chain-of-custody protocols for rail-transported samples (41-day testing delays observed at NCL )
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Measurement Conditions:
Factor Lab Control Field Variance Temperature 23°C ± 1°C 18–38°C seasonal Humidity 45% RH 30–85% RH -
Statistical Reconciliation:
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Apply Bland-Altman analysis for method comparison
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Use Deming regression for non-constant error ratios
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Experimental Optimization
Q: What calibration protocols minimize instrumental drift in long-term GCV studies? Stepwise Methodology:
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Primary Standardization:
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Benzoic acid (certified ΔcU = 26,434 J/g) daily validation
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Drift Mitigation:
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Thermistor recalibration every 200 samples
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Oxygen purity verification (≥99.995% pO₂)
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Quality Control:
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Include NIST SRM® 1592c (Subbituminous Coal) in every 50-sample batch
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Advanced Policy-Research Integration
Q: How does error distribution analysis inform regulatory acceptance of empirical GCV formulas? Technical Process:
Product Science Overview
Ganciclovir is an antiviral medication primarily used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. It is particularly effective in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with AIDS or those who have undergone organ transplants . Ganciclovir is marketed under various brand names, including Cytovene, Cymevene, and Vitrasert .
Ganciclovir was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1988 . It was developed as a potent inhibitor of herpesvirus DNA replication, making it a valuable tool in the treatment of CMV infections . The drug’s development was driven by the need for effective antiviral therapies for immunocompromised patients who are particularly vulnerable to CMV infections.
Ganciclovir is a synthetic analog of 2’-deoxy-guanosine, a component of DNA. Its chemical formula is C9H13N5O4, and it has a molar mass of 255.234 g/mol . The drug is metabolized to its active triphosphate form by cellular enzymes, which then inhibits viral DNA polymerase more effectively than cellular polymerase .
Ganciclovir’s antiviral activity is highly selective. It requires conversion to its active form by a virus-encoded enzyme, thymidine kinase (TK), which is present in CMV-infected cells . Once activated, ganciclovir triphosphate inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing the replication of viral DNA and thereby controlling the infection .
Ganciclovir is available in various forms, including intravenous (IV) infusion, oral capsules, and intravitreal implants . The IV form is typically used for severe infections and is prepared by reconstituting a dry powder equivalent to 500 mg of ganciclovir in a sterile environment . The reconstituted solution is then administered via a volumetric pump over one hour to minimize venous irritation .
Ganciclovir is indicated for the treatment of:
- CMV retinitis in severely immunocompromised individuals
- CMV pneumonitis in bone marrow transplant recipients
- Prevention of CMV disease in bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients
- Acute CMV colitis in HIV/AIDS patients
It has also been used with some success in treating Human herpesvirus 6 infections and herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis .
Ganciclovir is associated with a range of serious hematological adverse effects, including granulocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia . Other common side effects include fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and increased liver enzymes . Due to its potential carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects, ganciclovir is handled as a cytotoxic drug in clinical settings .
