GSTT2 Antibody

Introduction to GSTT2 Antibody

Glutathione S-transferase theta 2 (GSTT2) is a member of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family, which catalyzes the conjugation of reduced glutathione to electrophilic compounds, playing a critical role in detoxification and oxidative stress management . The GSTT2 antibody is a polyclonal antibody used to detect GSTT2 protein expression in research contexts, including Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. Its applications span cancer biology, immunotherapy, and genetic studies, particularly in bladder cancer and detoxification pathways .

Detection in Tissue Samples

• Immunohistochemistry (IHC):

  • Stains GSTT2 in human liver, kidney, and glioma tissues, with DAB staining showing localized expression .

  • Used to map GSTT2 distribution in esophageal squamous cells, where higher expression correlates with protection against DNA damage .

Bladder Cancer and BCG Therapy

• GSTT2B Genotype Impact:

  Genotype	Recurrence Rate (≤8 BCG Instillations)	Recurrence Rate (≥9 BCG Instillations)
  Del/Del	12.5%	45.5%
  FL/FL	53.8%	50%

  • Patients with GSTT2B Del/Del (pseudogene deletion) showed reduced recurrence rates with fewer BCG instillations, suggesting improved treatment response .

  • Mechanistic Insights: GSTT2 modulates intracellular BCG survival and reactive oxygen species (ROS), influencing immune activation .

Immune Modulation

• Dendritic Cell (DC) Studies:

  • GSTT2 knockout (KO) mice exhibited elevated IL6 production in DCs, indicating enhanced inflammatory responses .

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed distinct immune cell profiles in GSTT2 WT vs. KO bladders, with WT bladders favoring immunosuppressive PD-L1 expression .

Prognostic Biomarker

• GSTT2 Expression:

  • High Expression (FL/FL Genotype): Associated with increased ROS, DNA damage, and BCG treatment failure .

  • Low Expression (Del/Del Genotype): Linked to reduced ROS and improved BCG efficacy, particularly in early treatment stages .

Therapeutic Targets

• Anti-PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibition:

  • GSTT2 wild-type (WT) patients may benefit from anti-PD-L1 therapy due to elevated PD-L1 in WT bladders, as shown in scRNA-seq data .

GSTT2 Pseudogene and Polymorphisms

• GSTT2B Deletion: A 37-kb pseudogene deletion reduces GSTT2 expression, prevalent in European populations .

• Promoter Duplications: A 17-bp duplication in the promoter region (common in Europeans) further suppresses GSTT2 expression .

Population-Specific Differences

• Esophageal Mucosa: African Americans exhibit higher GSTT2 mRNA levels due to non-duplicated promoter variants, potentially conferring protection against Barrett’s esophagus .