Product List
E3L Antibody
The E3L polyclonal antibody is produced through a rigorous and well-defined process. Recombinant vaccinia virus E3 protein (1-190aa) is used to repeatedly immunize a rabbit until an optimal antibody titer is achieved. Following immunization, the rabbit's blood is collected, and the antibodies are purified from the serum using protein A/G. The resulting E3L antibody is extensively characterized through ELISA and Western blot assays, validating its specific reactivity with the vaccinia virus E3 protein.
The E3L gene encodes the vaccinia virus E3 protein, a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein that plays a critical role in suppressing the host's innate antiviral immune response. E3L inhibits the activation of interferon (IFN)-induced dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), a key component of the cellular antiviral response. Furthermore, it acts as an inhibitor of the IFN-induced 2-5A-synthetase enzyme, another crucial antiviral pathway. In addition to its role in IFN-induced antiviral activity, E3L is a key host-range protein, further contributing to the virus's ability to evade the host's immune system.
epiA Antibody
The epiA polyclonal antibody is produced through a rigorous protocol involving multiple immunizations of a rabbit with recombinant Staphylococcus epidermidis Lantibiotic epidermin (epiA) (31-52aa) until a high antibody titer is achieved. Subsequently, the rabbit's blood is collected and the antibodies are purified from the serum using protein A/G affinity chromatography. The functionality of the epiA antibody is rigorously validated through ELISA and Western blotting applications, demonstrating its specific binding to the Staphylococcus epidermidis epidermin protein.
Epidermin, a tetra cyclic peptide, is a lantibiotic produced and secreted by Staphylococcus epidermidis. It belongs to the lantibiotic family, a group of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified antimicrobial peptides. Epidermin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by concurrently inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, RNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. This multi-faceted inhibition results in a depletion of energy required for essential biosynthetic processes.
aur Antibody
This aur polyclonal antibody is meticulously produced through a multi-step process. Recombinant Staphylococcus aureus Zinc metalloproteinase aureolysin (aur) (210-509aa) is used to repeatedly immunize a rabbit until a satisfactory antibody titer is achieved. Following this, the rabbit's blood is collected, and the antibodies are carefully purified from the serum using protein A/G. The functionality of the resulting aur antibody is rigorously assessed through ELISA and WB applications, confirming its specific reactivity with the Staphylococcus aureus aur protein.
Aureolysin, a secreted metallopeptidase, is a key virulence factor in Staphylococcus aureus. It enhances pathogenicity by promoting a shift from biofilm formation to a more invasive phenotype, facilitating nutrient acquisition from host proteins. Additionally, it effectively breaks down the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, cleaves complement protein C3, and releases chemoattractant C5a to evade complement-mediated neutrophil attack.
Introduction
Polyclonal antibodies are a diverse group of antibodies produced by different B cell clones in the body. They recognize and bind to multiple epitopes on a single antigen. Unlike monoclonal antibodies, which are derived from a single B cell clone and recognize a single epitope, polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous and can target various sites on an antigen. They are classified based on their source (e.g., rabbit, goat, mouse) and the type of antigen they target (e.g., proteins, peptides, small molecules).
Key Biological Properties: Polyclonal antibodies are characterized by their ability to recognize multiple epitopes, which enhances their binding strength and specificity. They are typically produced in response to an antigenic stimulus and can be found in the serum of immunized animals.
Expression Patterns: Polyclonal antibodies are produced by B cells in response to antigen exposure. The expression patterns depend on the immunization protocol and the animal species used.
Tissue Distribution: These antibodies are primarily found in the blood serum but can also be present in other body fluids and tissues, depending on the immune response and the distribution of the antigen.
Primary Biological Functions: Polyclonal antibodies play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing and neutralizing pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. They facilitate the clearance of antigens through various immune mechanisms, including opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Role in Immune Responses: Polyclonal antibodies are essential for the adaptive immune response. They provide a broad and robust defense against pathogens by targeting multiple epitopes, which reduces the likelihood of immune evasion by the pathogen.
Pathogen Recognition: These antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Polyclonal antibodies interact with various immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells, to mediate immune responses. They can also bind to Fc receptors on immune cells, enhancing phagocytosis and cytotoxicity.
Binding Partners: The primary binding partners of polyclonal antibodies are antigens, which can be proteins, peptides, or other molecules. They can also interact with complement proteins and Fc receptors.
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to their target antigens, polyclonal antibodies can trigger downstream signaling cascades that lead to the activation of immune responses. This includes the activation of the complement system, which enhances opsonization and lysis of pathogens.
Expression and Activity Control: The production and activity of polyclonal antibodies are regulated by various factors, including the nature of the antigen, the immunization protocol, and the host’s immune system.
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of polyclonal antibodies is controlled at the transcriptional level by cytokines and other signaling molecules that influence B cell activation and differentiation.
Post-Translational Modifications: Polyclonal antibodies can undergo post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which can affect their stability, binding affinity, and effector functions.
Biomedical Research: Polyclonal antibodies are widely used in research for detecting and quantifying proteins, studying protein-protein interactions, and investigating cellular pathways.
Diagnostic Tools: They are used in various diagnostic assays, such as ELISA, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, to detect the presence of specific antigens in samples.
Therapeutic Strategies: Polyclonal antibodies are used in therapeutic applications, such as antivenoms, immunoglobulin replacement therapy, and passive immunization against infectious diseases.
Development: Polyclonal antibodies are produced throughout an individual’s life in response to antigen exposure. They play a critical role in the development of the immune system by providing protection against pathogens.
Aging: As individuals age, the production and diversity of polyclonal antibodies may decline, leading to a reduced ability to respond to new antigens and an increased susceptibility to infections.
Disease: Polyclonal antibodies are involved in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, where they may target self-antigens, and infectious diseases, where they provide protection against pathogens.
